存在与时间的术语表打印版.docx

存在与时间的术语表打印版.docx

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存在与时间的术语表打印版

GlossaryofTermsinBeingandTime

ByRoderickMunday

Introductorynotes

Thisglossaryistakenfrommy'ExplicationandCommentary'ofHeidegger'sBeingandTime.ItwasfirstpublishedonlineinFebruary2006andwassubstantiallyupdatedinSeptember2006.Itis,however,aworkinprogress,sopleasedonotexpectadefinitivelistofterms（yet）.Thecitationscontainedinthisglossaryrefertotherelevantpassagesintheaforementioned'ExplicationandCommentary'andalsotothepagereferencesfoundinthe1962EnglishtranslationofBeingandTime.Thefullcitationofthisworkis:

Heidegger,Martin（2000）,BeingandTime,JohnMacquarrie&EdwardRobinson（trans）,London:

BlackwellPublishingLtd.

TheglossaryisprimarilyaimedatpersonsreadingBeingandTimeinEnglishandconsequentlyGermantermsare,forthemostpart,omitted.Theprimaryexceptiontothisistheterm"Dasein",whichisfamiliarenoughtoEnglishreaders.Needlesstosay,IapologisetoanyGermanreaders-aswellastoHeideggerpuristsreadingthis!

ForthoseseekingtranslationsofthemanyoftheGreekwordsandphrasesinBeingandTime,thereisalreadyandexcellentonlineresourcededicatedtothisatPete'sEreignissite:

-A-

Apophantic

AtermcoinedbyAristotletodesignateacertainkindofjudgement,which,heclaimed,couldascertainwhatisfalseandwhatistrueaboutphenomena.However,anapophanticjudgementdoesnotarriveatitsverdictbycomparingtrueentitieswithfalseones,butbyexaminingandevaluatingtheentitiesinthemselves.ThisiswhyHeideggerwassokeenonthemethodforhisphenomenology[ref.¶7,page56].Heideggerarguesthatthecomparativemethodsofjudgingactuallyobscuresthetruth,becauseitisaplacingofsomethinginfrontofsomethingelse.Thereforeinordertodiscoverthetruth,onemustapprehendingthebeingofanentityinandforitself.

Apophanticjudgementsaremadeeitherbyattributingapredicatetoasubject（insofarasitpertainstothesubjectasapropertyofit）;orconverselydenyingapredicatetoasubject（insofarasitdoesnotpertaintoit）,Howeverinbothcasesthesubjectandpredicatesbelongtotheentityitselfandnottosomethingelse.Thus,fromthisontologicalbasisAristotleclaimedthatapophanticjudgementscouldestablishthe"pureforms"ofallpossibletrue（andfalse）predicationsandHeideggerclaimedbyusingthemhecouldavoidbasinghisphilosophyonthecomparativemethodofjudgment（sothathiswouldnotbeamerephilosophyofappearances）[ref.¶7,Page52-53].（Thisexplanationofapophanticwasadaptedfromwww.marcuse.org）.

AppearanceandAnnouncing

Appearancedescribesarelationshipbetweenphenomena,whichisalwaysbasedonareferralofsomekindorother,thereforeitiscontrarytophenomenathatshowthemselvesintheirgenuineBeing.The'phenomenon'ofappearancealsoshowsitself,butitsBeingisalwaysareferencemaskingsomeotherkindofBeing.[ref.¶7,page54]

Appearance（astheappearanceofsomething）doesnotmeansomethingthatshowsitself,butrathersomethingthatannouncesitself.Announcingcanbedefinedasa'showingitselfbynotshowingitself,'forexampleanillnessannouncesitselfinitssymptoms,whichare,sotospeak,itscallingcard.So,inasense,appearanceisanotshowingitself（Heideggerusestheterm"not"herewiththecaveatthatitisnottobeunderstoodasmeaninganegation,butasindicatingthepresenceofsomethingunseen）.Anythingthatnevershowsitselfisalsosomethingthatcanneverseem.Thisiswhyappearanceisdifferentfromshowingorseeming.Allindications,presentations,symptomsandsymbolshavethisbasicformalstructureofappearing.Appearancehasfourdistinctmeanings.

1.Appearance=somethingwhichannouncesitselfwithoutshowingitself,i.e.thediseaseannouncingitselfthroughitssymptoms.

2.Appearance=somethingthatsignifiesshowingitself,andthereforeimpliestheappearanceofphenomena,i.e.,aphantomtraceonaradarscreenthatismistakenforaplane.

3.Appearance=thetermusedincorrectlytodescribingthegenuine'showing-itself'ofaphenomenon.

4.Appearance=somethingwhichisthepositiveemissaryofthatwhichdoesnotappearinanymanifestform,i.e.,athingwhichindicatestheexistenceofthatwhichdoesnotappearandneverwillappear.Forinstance,causalchangesduetothepassageoftimeannouncesitselfinthegreyingofsomeone'shair,orthechangesinalandscape,orthedecayingoffruit,leftinabowl.Alltheseinstancesappeartopointtotheexistenceofathingcalledtime,whichotherwisedoesnotexistasaphenomenonwhichcanbeseeninitself.

Thepointtobemadehereisthatifonedefinesphenomenonwiththeaidofaconceptionofappearancewhichdoesnotdifferentiatebetweenthesemultiplemeaning,thenconfusionisboundtoreign!

[ref.¶7,Page52-53]

Assignment

（Seeequipment）

AuthenticityandInauthenticity

AuthenticBeingisitsownmeasure,inotherwordswhenitdoesnothavetojustifyit'sexistenceascomparedwithanythingelse.

AuthenticityandinauthenticityarewhatgivesDaseinitsdefinitecharacter.DaseiniseitherAuthentic,which,inthesenseofmyBeing,meansthatIcanchoseandwinmyself,orconverselyloseandneverwinmyself[ref.¶9,Page68],orDaseinisInauthentic,whichmeansfleeinginthefaceofmyBeingandforgettingthatIcanchoseandwinmyself[ref.¶9,Page69-70].Authenticityandinauthenticitydonotderivetheirmeaningorvaluebycomparisonwithanythingelse,inthissensethattheysimplyarewhattheyare.Thismeansthatwecannotspeakofthemasbeingdeterminedbyanypriorconsiderationsorinfluences,butratherweshouldthinkofthemasdeterminingthesethings,sinceauthenticityandinauthenticityarethegroundsonwhichaparticularDaseindeterminesitsownpossibilies.[ref.¶12,page78]

WhenaparticularDaseintalksaboutitsBeing,itisineachcase"myBeing".AndbecausetheessenceofDaseinliesinits'tobe'itisalso'mytobe'.Thus,wetalkaboutDasein'sBeingintermsofpossibilityratherthanactuality.Butofcoursedescribingsomethingintermsofallofthepotentialwaysthatitcanbe,isfarmorecomplexthandescribingitintermsofwhatit"is".[ref.¶9,Page67].

ThedecisionastowhichwaytheBeingofDaseinis'mytobe,'issomethingthataparticularDaseinwillhavedecidedbeforehand,basedontheconstraintsimposeduponitbyexperience（seehistoricality）.TheentityDasein,who'sBeingisanissueforit,comportsitselftowardsitsBeingasitsownmostpossibility.IneachcaseDaseinisitspossibilityandforthatreasonitcanchoseitselfandwinitself,orconverselyloseitselfandneverwinitself,orperhapsonlyseemtodoso.ButthischoosingandloosingisdefinedonlyinthesensethatitcanbeessentiallyviewedbyDaseinasBeingauthentic-thatisassomethingwhichhasarealityvaluethatisnotrelativetoormeasuredbycomparisonswithanythingelse.Authenticitystandsalone:

itisthewaythingsare.[ref.¶9,Page68]AnauthenticBeingisitsownmeasure,becauseitdoesnothavetojustifyit'sexistencebycomparingitwithanythingelse（indeed,howwoulditbepossibleforpeoplestepoutsideoftheirownlivestodothis?

）

Daseinexists,eitherinthemodeofauthenticity,orinauthenticity.Infact,insayingthisHeideggerisclaimingthatDaseincannotproperlybedescribedasexistinginanyotherstate,althoughhedoesconcedesthatDaseincanbesaidtobemodallyundifferentiated.Howeverinconsideringthislastremark,Iwanttopointoutthatthis'undifferentiatedDasein'cannotbesaidtoconstituteadescriptionofanypositivecharacteristics,sinceundifferentiatedDaseinwouldnotpossessanycharacteristicsatall.ThekeywordinHeidegger'sabovestatementisdescribe.YoucannotdescribeDaseinitselfsinceDaseinisnotathingthatcanbepointedatortalkedaboutinthewaywecantalkaboutentitieswhicharenotDasein[ref.¶9,page67].InordertotalkaboutbeingatallwehavetotalkaboutstructuresofBeing.ForexampleyoucannottalkabouttheBeingofaparticularDaseinbecauseitisthesumtotalofallitspossibilities,butyoucansayofDasein,generallyspeaking,thatitisthesumtotalofitspossibilitiesandpotentials（whatevertheymaybe）.ThisstatementisstructuralbecauseitdescribesthestructuresinwhichDaseininhabits.ThistheniswhatwearelookingatwhenweareanalysingBeing.ThestructuralmaptotheterritorythatisBeing.Bylookingatthemap,wecanpointtocertaincharacteristicsthatstandout,ofwhichauthenticityandinauthenticityaretheprimaryones.AuthenticityandinauthenticityofDaseinmustbeseenandunderstoodinHeidegger'sanalysisasbeingapriori（thatisascomingbefore）Dasein'sunderstandingofitselfandthusofitsunderstandingofitsownexistence.However,althoughnotdeterminedbyanythingprior,authenticityandinauthenticityarethemselvesgroundeduponastateofHeideggercallsBeing-in-the-world.[ref.¶12,page78]（seealsoinauthenticity）

AverageEverydayness

Inthishistoryofphilosophy,onegetsthestrongimpressionthatthoughtsaboutexistencehavealwaysemergedintherarefiedatmosphereofsolitarycontemplation.AsHeideggerquiterightlypointsout,thisattitudeisnottypicalofthewaypeoplelivetheireverydaylives.MuchofourexistenceisnotspendinreflexivecontemplationofourBeing-in-the-world,butratherweareimmersedinthetaskofjustgettingonwithourlives.ThisthenisDasein'smodeofaverageeverydayness.HoweverHeideggerconsidersthisordinarymodeofBeing,despitebeingthemostunconsidered,tobealsothemostimpor