淮阴师范学院跨文化交际课程期末复习.docx

淮阴师范学院跨文化交际课程期末复习.docx

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淮阴师范学院跨文化交际课程期末复习

第一部分

Chapte1IntroductiontoInterculturalcommunication

Ⅰ.Defininginterculturalcommunication

Interculturalcommunication（ICC）isthetermfirstusedbyEdwardT.Hallin1959andissimplydefinedasinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentcultures.

Interculturalcommunicationcanincludeinternational,intcrethnic,interracial,andinterregionalcommunication.

Interculturalcommunicationasaphenomenonhasthefollowingfeatures:

Firstofall,itisauniversalphenomenon.

Secondly,thecommunicationbetweencultureshasbeengoingonforthousandsofyears.

Thirdly,interculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.

II.TheRapidIncreaseofInterculturalCommunication

Fromaninterculturalperspective,therearefourcrucialdevelopmentsfortherapidincreaseofinterculturalcommunication:

1.Improvementsintransportationtechnology

2.Developmentsincommunicationtechnology

3.Changesinmassmigrationpatterns

4.Globalizationoftheworldeconomy

III.TheDevelopmentofInterculturalCommunicationStudy

1.ThedevelopmentofInterculturalcommunicationstudyintheU.S.

It'seasytounderstandwhythefieldofICChascontinuedtoprosperintheUnitedStatesconsideringthefollowingreasons:

●Thecountryisalandofimmigrantsfrommanydiversecultures;

●Therearcthousandsofnewimmigrantsenteringthecountryeveryyear;

●TheU.S.haslargenumbersofforeignstudenLsandtourists;and

●TheAmericaninvolvementintheglobaleconomy

2.InterculturalcommunicationstudiesinChina

Theconceptualareascoveredinthoseresearchesweremainlyconcernedwith:

1）Verbalcommunication（therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:

vocabulary,syntax,pragmaticrules,discoursepatternandtranslation）;

2）Non-verbalcommunication;

3）ComparativestudyofcustomsandbehaviorpatternsinChinaandothercountries;

4）Culturaldifferencesinbusinessmanagement;and

5）TraditionalChinesevalueorientationsandtheirimpactonmodernization,etc.

IV.TheComplexityinLearningInterculturalCommunication

1.Themultidisciplinarynatureandelementsofinterculturalcommunicationstudy

JamesAlutissummarizedthemultidisciplinarynatureofICCas"LAPSE":

L-Linguisticsandlanguage

A-Anthropology

P-PsycholinguisticsandPsychology

S-SociolinguisticsandSociology

E-EducationandEnglish

Inadditiontotheabovenameddisciplines,ICCisalsorelatedtoseveralotherdisciplines,suchas

C-Communicationstudies

C-Culturalstudies,etc.

ElementsofICCStudy

Condon（1974）highlightedthreeareasasmostproblematicininterculturalexchange:

languagebarrier,differentvaluesanddifferentculturalpatternsofbehavior.Morespecifically.Bell（1992）identifiedthefollowingbarrierstocommunication;

Physical—time,environment.comfortandneeds,andphysicalmedium;

Cultural—ethnic,religious,andsocialdifferences;

Perceptual—viewingwhatissaidfromyourownmindset;

Motivational—thelistener'smentalinertia;

Experiential—lackofsimilarlifehappenings;

Emotional—personalfeelingsofthelistener;

Linguistic—differentlanguagesspokenbythespeakerandlisteneroruseofavocabularybeyondthecomprehensionofthelistener;

Nonverbal—nonwordmessages;and

Competition—thelistener'sabilitytodootherthingsratherthanhearthecommunication

2.Potentialproblemsinlearninginterculturalcommunication

Communicationbarriersareobstaclestoeffectivecommunication.

Bamasuggeststhattherearesixmain"stumblingblocks"whichoftencausedifficultiesininterculturalcommunication;

1）Peopletendtoassumethattherearemoreculturalsimilaritiesbetweenthemselvesandpeopleofotherculturesthanthereactuallyarc,andthiscanleadtomisunderstanding.

2）Languagedifferences,obviously,areoftenasourceofmisunderstanding.

3）Peopleofdifferentculturesoftenmisinterpreteachother'snon-veibalcommunication.

4）Peopleoftenhavestereotypesandpreconceptionsabout"foreigners"thatleadtomisunderstanding.

5）Peopleoftenevaluatewhat"foreigners"doandsaybeforereallyunderstandingwhattheymean.

6）Whenpeopleinteractwithforeigners,theyoftenhavefeelingsofanxietyorstress,andthiscanleadthemtojumptoinaccurateconclusions.（Onesourceofthisstressissometimes"culturalshock."）

Specifically,it'sgenerallyagreedthaithepotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunicationarcmainlythefollowing:

AvoidanceoftheunfamiliarUncertainlyreductionWithdrawalStereotypingPrejudiceRacismMisuseofpowerCultureshockEthnocentrism

Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.

peoplenormallygothroughfourstages（theU-Curve）:

honeymoonphase,cultureshockphase,recoveryphaseandadjustmentphase.

Chapter2BasicCommunicationTheories

I.CommunicationDefined

wecanseethatthebasicassumptionis;Communicationisaformofhumanbehaviorderivedfromaneedtoconnectandinteractwithotherhumanbeings.Therefore,communicationcansimplyrefertotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.

thedefinitionadvancedbySamovarandPorter（1997）ispreferredhere:

"Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior."

II.NeedsandFunctionsofCommunication

1.Maslow'shierarehyofneeds

Onemuch-usedversionofneedsisthatofAbrahamMaslow',inwhichhedescribespeopleasbeingdrivenbysetsofneedsinahierarehy,fromthemostbasicatthebottomtothemostrefinedatthepeakofatriangle.

Basicneedsareaboutfood,shelterandsex.Justabovethatcometheneedsofsafety—havingaroofoverone'sheadandknowingthatonebelongstosomegrouplikefamily.Thentherearethesocialneedsforthingslikeloveandfriendship,whichurgeusintorelationships.Thesearefollowedbyegoandesteemneeds,whichareaboutusasindividualswantingself-respect,recognition,evenpower.Finally,atthetopofthetrianglecomesthemostsophisticatedneed—forself-actualization.Thisisaboutself-fulfillment,aboutfindingandbeingoneself.

2.Functionsofcommunication

●Practicalfunction.

●Socialfunction.

●Decisionmakingfunction

●Personalgrowthfunction

III.TheClassificationofCommunication

Fromtheabovediscussionwecanseethatcommunicationoccurswhen—

●thereareatleasttwoormorepeople.

●thereissomecontactbetweencommunication.

●thereisalanguagesharedbycommunicators.

●thereisanexchangeofinfommlionthathastakenplace.

IV.TheProcessofCommunication

1.Componentsofcommunication

SamovarandPorter（1997）furtherdefinecommunicationas"adynamictransactionalbehavior-affectingprocessinwhichpeoplebehaveintentionallytoinduceorelicitaparticularresponsefromanotherperson"

Somepeoplesayeightspecificcomponentsaddingencodinganddecoding.

●sender/behaviorsource

●encoding

●message

●medium/channel

●decoding

●recipient（receiver）/responder

●noise

●feedback

2.Modelsofcommunication

Althoughtherearcmanymodelstodescribetheactofcommunication.threearcusedheretoillustratetheprocess;thelinear,thecircular,andthecontextualizedmodels.

V.TheCharacteristicsofCommunication

Theseeightingredientsofcommunicationmakeuponlyapartiallistofthefactorsthatfunctionduringacommunicationevent.

●CommunicationisDynamic.

●CommunicationisIrreversible.

●CommunicationisSymbolic.

●CommunicationisSystemic.

●CommunicationisSelf-reflective.

●CommunicationisInteractive.

●CommunicationisComplex.

●CommunicationisLearned.

VI.TheChallengeofEffectiveCommunicationinInterpersonalEncounters

Efficientcommunicationsbetweenpeopleofthesameculturalbackgroundareextremelyimportant,letaloneinterculturalcommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.

Chapter3TheNatureofCulture

Ⅰ.DefinitionsofCulture

●AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis"theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively".Itreferstointellectualperspective,suchasmusic,artexhibition,dance,etc.WhenyoutalkaboutPicasso.Beethovenetc.,youaretalkingaboutculture;

●Samovar&Porter（1996）definecultureas"thedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving."（p.36）Wefindthisdefinitionmoresuitedtoourpurposeofstudyinginterculturalcommunication.Simplyput,cultureisasystemofmeaning.

●Butthemostwidelyacccpteddefinitionis:

"Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatarcshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople."（Hall.1983,p.230）

●Morerecently,GaryP.Fcrraro（1998,TheCulturalDimensionofInternationalBusiness,NewYork:

Prcnticc-Hall,Inc.）offersabrieferdefinition;"Cultureiseverythingthatpeoplehave,think,anddoasmembersoftheirsociety,"（p.16）

II.BasicFunctionsandSourceofCulture

DressierandCams（1969）offertthefollowingasthefunctionsofculture:

1.Cultureenablesustocommunicatewithothersthroughalanguagethatwehavelearnedandthatweshareincommon.

2.Culturemakesitpossibletoanticipatehowothersinoursocietyarelikelytorespondtoouractions.

3.Culturegivesusstandardsfordistinguishingbetweenwhatisconsideredrightorwrong,beautifulandugly,reas