学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷.docx

学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷.docx

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学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷

学院国际教育专业对外汉语班级1002班学号07姓名陈小华

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浙江越秀外国语学院2011—2012学年

第一学期期末考试

《西方礼仪与文化》课程论文答题卷

总分

复核

得分

阅卷人

Doingbusinessindifferentcultures

Abstract:

Thisthemetakeintoaccountthediversityofdoingbusinessindifferentcountries,basedonsomeunfamiliarcustomsandbehaviorsdemonstratedbythedifferentcountriesbusinesspeople.Nothingismorecomfortableandsecurethanunderstandingthecross-culturalaspect.Understandingcanfacilitatecommunicationandavoidmisunderstanding.Althoughminormistakesarepermissible,misunderstandingsandfailuretorecognizeimportantculturalsubtletiesmayleadtostagnationordismissalofthebusiness.Therefore,"cultureshock"occursasaresultoftotalimmersioninanewculture.Individualswhomaynotexperiencealltheeffectsofcultureshockmustadapttothemandadjustwellbylearningthisstudy.

Keywords:

diversity,business,cross-cultural,cultureshock

1Introduction

Inthebusinessworld,itisoftensaidthattimeismoney.Nowweshouldaddthatbeingfullyawareofculturaldifferencesandsensitivitiesismoney,too.Today,internationalbusinesspeoplefindthemselvesworkinginmulticulturalenvironments,inwhichcross-culturalknowledgeandunderstandingisincreasinglyimportant.Tobesuccessfulinthenewglobaleconomy,theyhavetodealwithrealdifferencesineverythingfromcommunicationstylestosocialetiquettetocorevalues.

2Doingbusinessindifferentcountries

businessinJapan

WheninteractingwithJapanesebusinesspeople.Americanbusinesspeoplesometimesfeeluncomfortable,puzzled,lost,irritatedandthelike,basedonsomeunfamiliarcustomsandbehaviorsdemonstratedbythedifferentcountriesbusinesspeople.Inthefollowing,threeareasarediscussed:

（a）businesssuits.ManyJapanesebusinessmentendtoweardarksuitsofnavyblue,darkgrayorbrown.Thesuitsandtiesthattheyweararequiteconservation.AJapanesebusinessmenusuallyfastensthetopbuttonofhissuitwhenhecomesintoaroomtomeetwithhisAmericancounterparttodiscusspossiblebusiness.

（b）businesscardexchange.Meishi（Businesscards）arepassedinapreciseceremonialexchangeofbowsthathelpkeepthisstatus-orientedsocietytogether.

WhenJapaneseexchangebusinesscards,itiscommonpracticetostandupandgivethebusinesscardwithtwohandsratherthanwithonehand,whileatthesametimebowingslightly.AlthoughtheJapanesebusinessmenmayhandhisbusinesscardwithtwohandstoaAmericanorforeigner,theforeignersmayreceiveitwithonehand.TheJapanesepeoplewillnotfeeloffended,butslightlyuncomfortablefeelingsmayinfactremain.Furthermore,henormallyturnsitinsuchawaythatthereceivercanreaditwithouthavingtoturnit.

WhenaJapanesebusinessmenreceiveabusinesscard,heusuallytakesalookatitandreadthedescriptionofthecontents.Theyneverputbusinesscardsinabackpocket.Theyneverwriteonbusinesscards.

（c）giftexchange.Whengivingagift,aJapanesewillstangupandholdthegiftoutwithhistwohands.ThentheothersJapaneseisexpectedtostandupandextendhistwohandsinordertoreceivethegiftwithcourteousfeelingsandappreciation.WhenaJapanesestandsupandgivesagiftwithtwohands,ifaforeignerremainsseatedandreceivethegiftwithonehands,theJapanesemayfeelslightlyhurtandthemannerwillgiveanunfavorabletheJapanese,whatisimportantisthethoughtandeffortmadeinbringingthegift,ratherthanthevalueofthegiftitself.Tosay"Thanksagainfortheomiyage（gift）",attheendoftheconversationwillcontentstheJapanese.

GenerallyspeakinginJapan,whenJapanesebusinessmenfromonecompanyvisitantherJapanesecompanytodobusiness,theymighttakegiftssuchascakesandsweetpastrieswiththemexcept,perhaps,ontheirinitialvisit.HoweverwhenitcomestointernationalbusinessnegotiationtoheldintheanAmericancompanyandaJapanesecompany,agiftisoftenbrought.Ifthefirstopportunitytogetacquaintedwitheachother,thegivingofagiftisjustaformofgreeting.Presentingagiftimpliesgoodwill,afriendlyattitudeand,possibly,adesiretodobusinesstogether.Theprice,qualityandvalueofthegiftdependsonthesituation.

NormallywhenaJapanesereceiveagiftfromantherJapanese,thereceiverdoesnotopenthegiftinthepresenceofthegiver.Orthegiverwouldprobablyconsiderthatthereceiverhaddemonstratedanextremelyblatantact.Insuchacontext,theJapanesemightgiveamoreexpensivegifttothehigherrankingorbetterknownperson.ThusiftheAmericanbusinessmenopentheirgiftsinthepresenceoftheJapanese,theywillfeelextremelyembarrassedwhentheAmericanrecognizedthattheyreceivedgiftswithdifferentvalues.

businessinRussia

TheRussiaeconomyhasexperiencedsevereproblems.Atthesametime,however,byfollowingcertainguidelines,wecanbegintotapthepotentialopportunities.HerearesomesuggestionsforbeingsuccessfulinRussia:

1　Buildpersonalrelationshipswithpartners.BusinesslawsandcontractsdonotmeanasmuchinRussiaastheydointhewest.

2　Uselocalconsultants.Becausetherulesofbusinesshavechangedsomuchinrecentyears,itpaystohavealocalRussianconsultantworkingwiththecompany.

3　Considerbusinessethics.EthicalbehaviorintheUnitedStatesisnotalwaysthesameasinRussia.

4　Bepatient.InordertogetsomethingdoneinRussia,itoftentakesmonthsofwaiting.

5　Stressexclusivity.Russianslikeexclusivearrangementsandoftennegotiatewithjustonefirnatatime.

6　Rememberthatpersonalrelationsareimportant.Russiansliketodobusinessface-to-face.

7　Keepfinancialinformationpersonal.Russianswaituntiltheyknowtheirpartnerwellenoughtofeelcomfortablebeforesharingdata.Oncetrustisestablished,thenthisinformationisprovided.

8　Researchthecompany.

9　Clarifyterminology.

ThesestepscanbecriticaltothesuccessofabusinessventureinRussia.Andwheneverythingiscompleted,thereisafinalculturaltraditionthatshouldbeobserved:

fixandreinforcethefinalagreementswithanicedinnertogetherandaninvitationtotheRussianstovisityourcountryandseeyourfacilities.

businessinIndia

AlthoughmostIndianbusinesspeoplespeakEnglish,manyoftheirvaluesandbeliefsaremarkedlydifferentfromthoseintheWest.Thus,understandingIndiancultureiscriticaltodoingbusinessinIndian.

（a）greetandgift.InIndian,ifahandshakeappeartobeimproper,itisalwaysusenamaste,whichmeas"greetingtoyou".MostIndiandonotdrinkalcoholicbeverages,andmanyarevegetariansoreatchickenbutnotbeef.Moreover,whenlocalbusinesspersoninvitesanexpatriatefordinnerathome,itisnotnecessarytobringagift,althoughitisacceptabletodoso.

（b）businesssuits.ForWesternbusinesspeopleinIndian,shirt,trousers,tie,andsuitareproperattire.InthesouthernpartofIndian,wheretheclimateisveryhot,alightsuitispreferable.Inthenorthduringthewinter,alightsweaterandjacketareagreatchoice.ManybusinesspeoplewilldresslikeEuropeans,soitisunnecessarytoadoptlocaldresscodes.

WhendoingbusinessinIndian,thereareanumberofothercustomsusefultoknow:

1　Itisimportanttobeontimeformeeting.

2　Personalquestionsshouldnotbeaskedunlesstheotherindividualisafriendorcloseassociate.

3　Titlesareimportant,sopeoplewhoaredoctorsorprofessorsshouldbeaddressedaccordingly.

4　Publicdisplaysofaffectionareconsideredtobeinappropriate,sooneshouldrefrainfrombackslappingortouchingothers.

5　Beckoningisdonewiththepalmturneddown,whilepointingoftenisdonewiththechin.

6　Wheneatingoracceptingthings,usetherighthand,becausetheleftisconsideredtobeunclean.

7　Thenamastegesturecanbeusedtogreetpeople;itisalsousedtoconveyothermessage,includingasignalthatonehashadenoughfood.

8　Bargainingforgoodsandservicesiscommon;thiscontrastswithWesterntraditions,wherebargainingmightbeconsideredrudeandabrasive.

Finally,itisimportanttorememberthatIndianareverytolerantofoutsidersandunderstandthatmanyareunfamiliarwithlocalcustomsandprocedures.Therefore,thereisnoneedtomakeaphonyattempttoconformtoIndianculturaltradition.Makinganefforttobepoliteandcourteousissufficient.

businessinArabCountries

AmericanoftenfinditextremelyhardtodobusinessinArabcountries,andanumberofArabculturalcharacteristicscanbecitedforthisdifficulty.

（a）theArabviewoftime.IntheUnitedStates,itiscommontousethecliche“timeismoney”.InArabcountries,afavoriteexpressionisBukrainsahAllah,whichmeans“tomorrowifGodwills”,anexpressionthatexplainstheArab’sfatalisticapproachtotime.ArabsbelievethatAllahcontrolstime,incontrasttowesterners,whobelievetheycontroltheirowntime.Asaresult,ifArabscommitthemselvestoadateinthefutureandfailtoshowup,thereisnoguiltorconcernontheirpart,becausetheyhavenocontrolovertimeinthefirstplace.

（b）Arabculturalbelief.Arabculturalbeliefthatgenerallyholdsisthatdestinydependsmoreonthewillofasupremebeingthanonthebehaviorofindividuals.

（c）viewofemotionandlogic.AnotherimportantculturalcontrastbetweenArabsandAmericansisthatofemotionandlogic.Arabsoftenactbasedonemotion;incontrast,thoseinAmericansculturearetaughttoactonlogic.ManyArabsliveinunstableenvironmentswherethingschangeconstantly,sotheydonot