国际商务 查尔斯希尔IMChapter09Word文档下载推荐.docx
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∙DiscussRegionaleconomicintegrationinAsiaandAfrica.
Thischapterdiscussesregionaleconomicintegration,agreementsamongcountrieswithinageographicregiontoachieveeconomicgainsfromthefreeflowoftradeandinvestmentamongthemselves.
Anumberoflevelsofeconomicintegrationarepossibleintheory.Inorderofincreasingintegration,theyincludefreetradearea,customsunion,commonmarket,economicunion,andfullpoliticalunion.
Integrationisnoteasilyachievedorsustained.Althoughintegrationbringsbenefitstothemajority,itisneverwithoutcostsfortheminority.Concernsoversovereigntyoftensloworstopintegrationattempts.
ThecreationofsinglemarketsintheEUandNorthAmericameansthatmanymarketsthatwereformerlyprotectedfromforeigncompetitionarenowmoreopen.Thiscreatesmajorinvestmentandexportopportunitiesforfirmswithinandoutsidetheseregions.
Thefreemovementofgoodsacrossborders,theharmonizationofproductstandards,andthesimplificationoftaxregimesmakeitpossibleforfirmsbasedinafreetradeareatorealizepotentiallyenormouscosteconomiesbycentralizingproductioninthoselocationswithintheareawherethemixoffactorcostsandskillsisoptimal.
OUTLINEOFCHAPTER8:
REGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION
OpeningCase:
CreatingaSingleEuropeanMarketinFinancialServices
Introduction
LevelsofEconomicIntegration
FreeTradeArea/CustomsUnion/
CommonMarket/EconomicUnion/PoliticalUnion
TheCaseforRegionalIntegration
TheEconomicCaseforIntegration
ThePoliticalCaseforIntegration
ImpedimentstoIntegration
TheCaseagainstRegionalIntegration.
RegionalEconomicIntegrationinEurope
EvolutionoftheEuropeanUnion
PoliticalStructureoftheEuropeanUnion
ManagementFocus:
TheEuroCommissionandMediaIndustryMergers
TheSingleEuropeanAct/TheEstablishmentoftheEuro
EnlargementoftheEuropeanUnion
RegionalEconomicIntegrationoftheAmericas
TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement
TheAndeanPact/MERCOSUR
CentralAmericanCommonMarketandCARICOM
FreeTradeAreaoftheAmericas
RegionalEconomicIntegrationElsewhere
AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations
AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation
RegionalTradeBlocksinAfrica
FocusonManagerialImplications
ClosingCase:
CarPriceDifferentialsintheEuropeanUnion
TEACHINGSUGGESTIONS
Youmightbeginthisclasswithadiscussionaboutwhetherregionaleconomicintegrationisgoodandvaluableorwhetheritencouragesthedevelopednationstotradewitheachotherandleavesthedevelopingnationsoutinthecold,exceptforcommodities.ThenyoumightaskwhytheclassthinksSwitzerlandchosenottojointheEU,andwhyGreatBritain,DenmarkandSwedenchosenottoparticipateintheeurocurrency.
TRANSITION
TheideaofhowdifficultthesearrangementscanbetonegotiatecanbeusedtotransitionintotheOpeningCase.WhyareItalianbankersnotexcitedaboutthebusinessprospectsthatcouldawaittheminotherEUcountries?
LECTUREOUTLINEFORCHAPTER
ThisteachingoutlinefollowsthePowerPointpresentationprovidedalongwiththisinstructor’smanual.ThePPTslidesincludeextensivenotesthatareprintableunderview—notespage.Whatfollowsisasummary.
Slide9-3Introduction
AnexampleofregionaleconomicintegrationisfoundintheEU.BarrierstocrossbordertradeamongcountriesoftheEuropeanUnionwereremovedin1993byTheSingleEuropeanAct.In1999,whenmostoftheEUstatesadoptedtheEuro,pricecomparisonacrossnationalborderswasmadeeasier.Theexpectationwaswithincreasedcompetition(duetoloweringoftradebarriers),priceswouldfall.Intheautoindustry,however,significantvariancesremainedinthepriceofautomobiles.TheprimaryreasonforpricedifferentialsintheautoindustryistheBlocexemptionclausethatallowedautomakerstodictatewheredealersshouldbelocated,wheretheycansellandhowmanybrands.Thispracticecreatedrestrictedcompetitionandledtodifferentialpricing.
Slides9-4,9-5,9-6LevelsofEconomicIntegration
FreeTradeArea,CustomsUnion,CommonMarket,EconomicUnion,PoliticalUnion
Slide9-7EconomicCaseforIntegration
Slide9-8ThePoliticalCaseforIntegration
Slide9-9ImpedimentstoIntegration
ThepassageofNAFTAintheU.S.offersexamplesofimpediments,especiallyfromthetextileindustry.
Slide9-10TheCaseAgainstRegionalEconomicIntegration
Slide9-11RegionalEconomicIntegrationinEurope
EuropeanUnionandEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
Slide9-12EvolutionoftheEuropeanUnion
EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity,TheTreatyofRome(1957),TheTreatyofMaastricht(1994)
Slide9-13EuropeanUnionMembers2005
Slides9-14,9-15PoliticalStructureoftheEuropeanUnion
EuropeanCouncilandEuropeanCommission
Slide9-16,9-17,9-18TheSingleEuropeanAct
TheSingleEuropeanActcalledfortheremovalofbordercontrols,mutualrecognitionofstandards,openpublicprocurement,abarrierfreefinancialservicesindustry,nocurrencyexchangecontrols,freeandopenfreighttransport,andfreerandmoreopencompetition.
Slide9-19TheEuro:
BenefitsandCosts
Slides9-20,9-21EnlargementoftheEuropeanUnion
Slide9-22,9-23NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)
Slide9-24TheCaseForandAgainstNAFTA
ThissitehasanicesetofargumentsforandagainstNAFTA.http:
//www.business.uca.edu/~isaltz/freetrad.html
Slides9-25,9-26NAFTAResults
Slide9-27TheAndeanCommunity(ANCOM)
Slide9-28MERCOSUR
InsomeindustriesMERCOSURistradedivertingratherthantradecreating,andlocalfirmsareinvestinginindustriesthatarenotcompetitiveonaworldwidebasis.
Slide9-29OtherHemisphereAssociations
Slide9-30AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)
Slide9-31ASEANCountries
Slide9-32AsiaPacific
Slide9-33APECCountries
Slide9-34RegionalTradeBlocksinAfrica
Slide9-35ImplicationsofManagers
Slide9-36LookingAheadtoChapter10
TheForeignExchangeMarket
ANOTHERPERSPECTIVE
Thesearecommentsorillustrationsofmaterialinthetextthatbuildfromunusualapplicationsorotherviewsofthemajorconcepts.Youmayfindthemusefultostimulatediscussionortohelpbringaconcepthometoyourstudents.
EconomicIntegrationandYourCareerMoves
Thinkabouthoweconomicintegrationmightinfluenceyourcareer.First,itmakescountry-to-countrymoveswithinEuroperelativelyeasyforEuropeans.Sure,youstillhavetopackupthehouse,findanewhome,andgetyourkidsintogoodschools,butnopaperwork,visaorworkpermitarenecessary.ForanAmericancitizen,amovetoEuropeorfromoneEuropeancountrytoanotherwouldrequireaworkpermitandpossiblyavisa.Fromahumanresourcespointofview,theEuropeancitizen’smobilitywithinEuropemightbeseenasanadvantagefortheEuropean.
RomasintheEU:
OpenBordersforGypsies?
Withthe2004entryof10EasternEuropeannationsintotheEU,the15oldermembersareworriedaboutcheaplaborfloodingtheireconomies,somanyoftheEUmembershaveestablishedtemporaryentrybarriersfornationalsofthenewmemberstates.FranceseemsespeciallyafraidofPolishplumbers,sothePolishgovernmentisusingtheimageofahandsomePolishplumberinitstouristadvertisements,inparodyoftheFrenchfear.
IntheCzechRepublic,SlovakiaandHungarylive1.5milliongypsies,Romas,whosenomadictraditionsraisefears,especiallyincountrieswherethewelfaresystemiseasilyaccessible.
ThatfearisbasedontheassumptionthattheRomacanmoveandcannotbeintegrated.Thelikelihoodisthattheyaresopoorthattheycannotmove.InEasternSlovakia,neartheUkrainianborder,theyliveinshantytownswithoutrunningwater.Unemploymentisatnearly100%.Infact,itistheRomawhomaywellsufferfrommembershipintheEU,viabraindrain—theywilllosetheirbestmindstothemoredevelopedEUeconomies.
TheNAFTAArbitrationPanelandU.S.Courts
Oneofthemostdifficultareasofregionaleconomicintegrationistheintegrationoflegalsystems.TheNAFTAagreementestablishedathree-judgepanelthatstandsapartfromitsmemberstatesjudicialsystemstohearNAFTAarbitrationclaims.TheNAFTAArbitrationPanelgivescompaniesinvolvedincomplaintsinaforeigncountrytheconfidencethattheirgrievancewillbeheardwithreducedpossibilityofbias.Tothatend,thehearingsaresecret.BecausethesejudgesactoutsidetheauthorityoftheU.S.,Canadian,andMexicancourtsystems,theyalsogiveforeigncompaniesprotectionfromthelocalcourts.
ANSWERSTOCRITICALDISCUSSIONQUESTIONSFORCHAPTER9
QUESTION1:
NAFTAhasproducedsignificantbenefitsfortheCanadian,MexicanandUSeconomy.”Discuss.
ANSWER1:
NAFTA’simpacthasbeensmallandpositiveoverall.Therehavebeensectoradjustmentsthathavebeenquitepainfulforindividualtownsandworkers(textileindustry),butoveralltheimpactofNAFTAseemstohavebeenpositive.MexicohasgainedalotfromNAFTA,andtheU.S.hasaswell,inthatitnowhasastable,democraticneighbor.TradeamongtheNAFTAm