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本科毕业论文

《老人与海》对完美主义的挑战

学院外国语学院

专业英语

年级2006级

学号222006888888888

姓名李同学

指导教师褚修伟

成绩

二○○九年五月

ChallengetoPerfectionismAsReflectedinTheOldManandtheSea

LiTongxue

Supervisor

ChuXiuwei

AThesisSubmittedin

PartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeof

B.A.inEnglish

SCHOOLOFFOREIGNLANGUAGES

SOUTHWESTUNIVERSITY

May,2009

Acknowledgements

Manypeoplehavemadeinvaluablecontributions,bothdirectlyandindirectlytomyresearch.Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthethesis.

Firstly,IwouldliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetoProfessorChuXiuwei,mysupervisor,forhisinstructivesuggestionsandvaluablecommentsonthewritingofthisthesis.

Secondly,IwasindebtedtoalltheteachersintheSchoolofForeignLanguageswhotaughtandhelpedmeinthepastfouryears.

Besides,mythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughthesedays.AndIwishtothankallmyfellowclassmateswhogavemehelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.

Atlast,IwouldliketoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetotheauthorwhosewordsIhavecitedorquoted,andtothescholarsuponwhoseideasIhavefreelydrawn.

Contents

Acknowledgementsi

Abstractiii

摘要iv

Ⅰ.Introduction1

A.Summaryofthenovel2

B.Thesocialbackgroundofthenovel3

II.TheTragicColorinTheOldManandtheSea4

A.Definitionofthetragiccolor4

B.Tragiccolorrepresentedinthenovel4

1.Thetitanicfish’stragedy4

2.Theoldman’stragedy5

III.Perfectionism6

A.Definition6

B.Santiago’sandHemingway’sperfectionism7

1.Santiago’sperfectionism7

2.Hemingway’sperfectionism8

C.Dealingwithperfectionism10

1.Comprehensionoftheworld’simperfection10

2.Learningtoabnegate12

Ⅳ.Conclusion13

WorksCited14

ChallengetoPerfectionismAsReflectedin

TheOldManandtheSea

Abstract

BothHemingwayandSantiago,theheroinhisfamousworkTheOldManandtheSeaareperfectionists.Intheirdailylives,perfectionistshaveendlesssadnesssincetheyalwaysdemandmoreandmore.Whenapersonwantsmoreandhispresentsituationcouldnotsatisfyhim,heisboundtoinvolveinastrangecircle,whichwillmakehismentalityfullofcontradictories.Itisuneasyforhimtolethimselffree.Perfectionistscouldnotbeeasilyunderstoodbyothers.ThoughananalysisofthetragedyoftheoldmanandHemingway,thisthesismainlydiscussesthetragiccolorinTheOldManandtheSea,anddrawsaconclusionthattheirperfectionismleadstotheirtragedy.Inthatway,thepaperchallengesperfectionism.Justlikeanoldsayinggoes:

“Nooneisperfect”.Thereisnoabsoluteperfectionismintheworld.Infact,pursuingperfectionisagoodmedicineforthosewhoarevacuoustoremedy,butonthepremisethattheyknowtheirpotentialwellinpursuitofperfection.Ifapersondoesnotknowhispotentialofperfectionandover-pursuesit,notonlydoeshelivewithouthappiness,buthegetsnothingintheendaswell.Theworldisimperfect.Therefore,itisessentialtoaccepttheimperfectionoftheworldandlearntoabnegatesomeunrealisticpursuits.

KeyWords：

Tragedy,perfectionism,TheOldManandtheSea,Hemingway

《老人与海》对完美主义的挑战

摘要

海明威和他的名著《老人与海》里的铁汉英雄—圣地亚哥一样都是完美主义者。

然而在日常的生活中，完美主义者总是有着无穷无尽的悲哀，因为他们一生的追求会随着自己目标的达成变得越来越多。

若是一个追求完美的人为自己定了很高的目标而没有实现时，他们就很容易陷入一种精神的怪圈，这样的怪圈使得他们的内心总是充满矛盾，在不断的挣扎中，他们难以脱身。

本论文从研究《老人与海》的悲剧色彩入手，分析老人的悲剧，指出他的悲剧是由他的完美主义思想所致，同时也说明海明威的悲剧，海明威对自己的要求太高了，他不断追求心中达到完美的目标，甚至有些目标已经超过了他的能力范围。

然而，他的事事追求完美的思想使得他承受不了生活的压力，病痛的折磨，最终，他以自杀结束了他本是辉煌灿烂的人生。

接着论文则对世人觉得理所当然的追求完美主义的思想提出质疑。

正如金无赤金，人无完人所阐述的道理，世间没有绝对的完美。

实际上追求完美是弥补心灵空虚人的一剂良药，但前提是在人们真正了解自己的潜能。

一个人若是连自己都不了解，不知道自己真正所需，就过度追求生命中事事的完美，那他的一生必定没有幸福，而且到头来也不会得到他所追求的完美。

整理我们的思绪，放弃不切实际的想法，做我们自己而不在意别人的想法，这才是我们每个人应该做的。

世界从来就不完美，学会放弃才是人生的宽途。

关键词：

悲剧色彩；完美主义；老人与海，海明威

Ⅰ.Introduction

EarnestMillerHemingwaywasborninawell-to-dofamilyinOakPark,IllinoisnearChicago,onJuly21st,1899.HewasanAmericanNobelPrizewinnerinliterature（1954）,aspokesmanfor“TheLostGeneration”（Chang204）.AfterhegottheNobelPrize,heendedhislifebyhimself.Hislifewasfilledwithmanykindsofadventuresthatrepresentinhisworks.Hestyledtheparticulartypeofthetragicheroinhisnovels,andhislifeattitudehadbeenwidelyrecognizedandimitatedinEnglish-speakingcountriesandallovertheworldaswell.HemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandinAmericanliterature.AfterthepublishingofTheOldManandtheSeain1952,thisnovelhadplayedacrucialroleinthedevelopmentofHemingway’scriticalreputation.PriortotheappearanceofthiscrispandlyricalnovelaboutanoldCubanfisherman’sstrugglewithatitanicfish,HemingwayhadpublishednothingofdistinctionduringthetwelveyearssinceForWhomtheBellTolls（1940）;TheOldManandtheSea（1952）,however,washailedasHemingway’striumphantreturn（HeandDu43）.

Hemingway’slifeisfilledwithkindsofadventures,andfromhisrichandcolorfullifeexperiences，hislifeseemslikeanunusualbookwhichmanyotherpeopleintheworldadmireandenvy.Indeed,Hemingwayisagreatwriter,acodemanwithwhitebeard;eventodayhehadleftusforafewdecades,hisbravefigurehasstillbeenlivinginpeople’smemory.Hisadventurismspiritmadehimcreatemanynovels,sothatpeoplealwayssayhedirectshisownstoriesinhisworks（Perkins165）.Fromhisworksandlifeexperiences,Hemingwayisindeedaperfectionist.Manyoftheheroesthathecreatedinnovelsarerepresentedhiscodemanspirit--perfectionism,especiallyinTheOldManandtheSea.TheoldmannamedSantiagorepresentedHemingway’sperfectionismcharacteristicmorevividlythanothercodemaninhisworks.Hemingwayleftmanymythstotheliteraryworldafterhisshockingdeath,moreandmoreresearchersdiscussedhisworks;alotofdiscussionsaretalkedabouthiswritingstyle,lifeexperiencesandhisowncodemanspirit.Hemingway’snamehadbeenstayinginliteraryworldforeverbecauseofthewholeworld’sattention.

Perfectionismisadouble-edgedbladewhichbringsbothhonorandsadnesstoHemingway.Hechosetodieintheprimeofhislife.Hemingwayleftmanyunsolvedquestionstothewholeworld,peopleregretforhischoice.Meanwhile,wecouldfindarealHemingwaywhenwestandinhisshoes,heisacompleteperfectionist.Hewouldpreferregrettingforthewholeworldtoregrettingforhimself,thatisaperfectionist’schoice.

EventhoughHemingwaychoseanotherwaytoexpresshisherospiritandhisperfectionism,somepeoplesuspectwhathisperfectionismbroughttohim.Perfectionismbroughthonor,wealth,wonderfullifetohim,buthedecidedtodiscardallhonorbecausehehadbeentorturedbysicknessgreatly,hechosetodieintheend（Dong162）.Hemingwaywasinvolvedinstrangeperfectionismcircle.Atthesametime,thecodemanspiritmadehimpursuitperfectionofeverything.Asaperfectmaninpeople’seyesisHemingway’saim.TheoldmanwhoHemingwaycreatedinTheOldManandtheSeaisalsoapersonrepresentedHemingway’sperfectionismspirit.Hehashisownsadness.

ThepaperfocusesonTheOldManandtheSea，findoutthetragiccolorinthenovel,meanwhile,explainsHemingway’stragedyinordertochallengetheperfectionismwhichisheldbytheauthor--Hemingwayandhiscreativecodehero--Santiago.

A.Summaryofthenovel

AmongallofHemingway’sworks,TheOldManandtheSea,itisaworkthatleadstothetopofHemingway’scareerofwriterandmadehimreceipttheNobelPrize（Scott197）.ItisapoetictragicnovelaboutSantiago--anoldCubanfishermanwhohasgonefor84dayswithoutcatchinganything.Therefore,theboy,Mandolin,whousedtosailwithhim,isforcedbyhisparentstoleavetheoldmanandcatchinanother“good-lucky”ship.Theoldmaninsistsonfishingaloneandatlast,hehooksaneighteen-foot,giantmarlin,thelargesthehaseverknown.Butthetitanicfishisverypowerfulanddisobedient.Ittowstheoldmanandhisboatouttoseafor48hours,withtheoldmanbearingthewholeweightofthefishthroughthelineonhisback.Theoldman,withlittlefoodandsleep,hastoenduremuchpainandfightsagainsthistreacheroushandcramp.Tohisgreatexcitement,onhisthirddayatsea,hesucceedsincatchingtheweakenedmarlintothesurfaceandharpoonsit.Onhiswayhome,helashedmarlinalongsidehisboatbecauseitistoobigtobepulledintotheboat.But,unfortunately,thesharksindifferentdirectionsassaultedtheoldmanandthegiantmarlinforfourtimes.Theoldmanfightstokillthesharkswithasmuchmightandmanyweaponsashecansummon,butonlytofindagiantskeletonofhismarlinleftafterhisdesperatedefense.Atlast,Santiago,havinglostwhathefoughtfor,reachestheshoreandstrugglestohisshack.Hefallsintosoundsleep,dreamingofAfricaandthelionsagain.Hisstrugglewinshimmuchrespect;meanwhile,hestillmadehimselfindulgeintheatmosphereoftragiccolor,nooneunderstandshissadnessexcepthimself.

B.Thesocialbackgroundofthenovel

Literatureisthereflectionofsociety（Perkins95）.Therefore,inordertoprovethisnovel’stragiccolor,thesocialbackgroundisoneofthenecessaryfactorsforustoappreciatethiswork.

HemingwaylivedintheperiodthattheWorldWarOnebrokeout;manyyoungvolunteerstookpartin“thewarwhichalsocalledawarendallwars”.Buttheharshrealitymadethemawarethatmodernwarfarewasnotasgloriousorheroicastheythought.Asayoungwriterandspokesmanofthe“TheLostGe