专题三 推理判断.docx

专题三 推理判断.docx

《专题三 推理判断.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专题三 推理判断.docx（76页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

专题三推理判断

专题三　推理判断

挖命题

【考情探究】

考点

内容

五年考频统计

2014北京卷

2015北京卷

2016北京卷

2017北京卷

2018北京卷

推理判断

推理判断题要求考生根据文章所提供的事实进行合理的分析和推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机、情绪和性格以及事件发生的前因后果等。

3

3

4

4

3

分析解读　　推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面信息推测文章隐含意思、对作者的态度和情感以及文中细节的发展做出正确推理判断的能力。

有些考生认为推理判断题的答案就是在文章中没有出现的信息,这种理解比较狭隘;无论是何种考题,设问的依据都是在文本之中,所以答题时不能凭空想象或主观臆断。

推理判断题与细节理解题有很多重合之处,考生在做题时应紧扣文本,以文章所提供的细节为主要依据,而相较于细节理解题,推理判断题在获得相关细节后需经过深层次分析形成合乎逻辑的推断。

过专题

【五年高考】

A组　自主命题·北京卷题组

Passage1（2018北京,C）词数:

345

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills（垃圾填埋场）,andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms􀆳chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊状物）andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes（酶）fromtheworms􀆳stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms􀆳abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微生物）?

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam􀆳sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”

1.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?

A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.Theywindupinlandfills.

2.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto　　　. 

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.confirmtheresearchfindings

D.increasethebreakdownspeed

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight　　　. 

A.helptoraiseworms

B.helpmakeplasticbags

C.beusedtocleantheoceans

D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture

4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.

C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.

答案

1.C　

2.B　

3.D　

4.C　

Passage2（2017北京,A）词数:

344

ItwasacoldMarchdayinHighPoint,NorthCarolina.ThegirlsontheWesleyanAcademysoftballteamwerewaitingfortheirnextturnsatbatduringpractice,stampingtheirfeettostaywarm.Eighth-graderTaylorBisbeeshivered（发抖）alittleasshewatchedherteammateParisWhiteplay.Thetwodidn􀆳tknoweachotherwell—Taylorhadjustmovedtotownamonthorsobefore.

Suddenly,Parisfelltotheground.“Paris􀆳seyesrolledback,”Taylorsays.“Shestartedshaking.Iknewitwasanemergency.”

Itcertainlywas.Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure.Withoutimmediatemedicalcare,Pariswoulddie.Atfirst,noonemoved.Thegirlswereinshock.Thenthesoftballcoachshoutedout,“DoesanyoneknowCPR?

”

CPRisalife-savingtechnique.TodoCPR,youpressonthesickperson􀆳schestsothatbloodmovesthroughthebodyandtakesoxygentoorgans.Withoutoxygen,thebrainisdamagedquickly.

Amazingly,TaylorhadjusttakenaCPRcoursethedaybefore.Still,shehesitated.Shedidn􀆳tthinksheknewitwellenough.Butwhennooneelsecameforward,TaylorrantoParisandbegandoingCPR.“Itwasscary.Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath,”saysTaylor.

Taylor􀆳sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevice（器械）thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:

Paris􀆳sheartbeatreturned.

“IknowIwasreallylucky,”Parissaysnow.“Mostpeopledon􀆳tsurvivethis.Myteamsavedmylife.”

ExpertssayParisisright:

Forasuddenheartfailure,thesinglebestchanceforsurvivalishavingsomeonenearbystepinanddoCPRquickly.

Today,Parisisbackonthesoftballteam.Taylorwillapplytocollegesoon.Shewantstobeanurse.“Ifeelmoreconfidentinmyactionsnow,”Taylorsays.“IknowIcanactunderpressureinascarysituation.”

1.WhathappenedtoParisonaMarchday?

A.Shecaughtabadcold.

B.Shehadasuddenheartproblem.

C.Shewasknockeddownbyaball.

D.Sheshiveredterriblyduringpractice.

2.WhydoesParissayshewaslucky?

A.Shemadeaworthyfriend.

B.Sherecoveredfromshock.

C.ShereceivedimmediateCPR.

D.Shecamebackonthesoftballteam.

3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTaylor?

A.Enthusiasticandkind.　　　　　　　B.Courageousandcalm.

C.Cooperativeandgenerous.　　　　　　　D.Ambitiousandprofessional.

答案

1.B　

2.C　

3.B　

Passage3（2017北京,D）词数:

455

Hollywood􀆳stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:

“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:

awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:

wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.

1.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay　　　. 

A.runoutofhumancontrol

B.satisfyhuman􀆳srealdesires

C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D.workfasterthanamathematician

2.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto　　　. 

A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches

3.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto　　　. 

A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D.avoidrobots􀆳affectingtheworld

4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.

C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

D.Itwillstayforadecade.

答案

1.A　

2.A　

3.D　

4.C　

Passage4（2016北京,C）词数:

359

CaliforniaCondor􀆳sShockingRecovery

CaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica􀆳slargestbirds,withwing-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning（铅中毒）nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.

Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred（繁殖）.Since1992,therehave