专题三 推理判断.docx

1、专题三 推理判断专题三推理判断挖命题【考情探究】考点内容五年考频统计2014北京卷2015北京卷2016北京卷2017北京卷2018北京卷推理判断推理判断题要求考生根据文章所提供的事实进行合理的分析和推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机、情绪和性格以及事件发生的前因后果等。33443分析解读推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面信息推测文章隐含意思、对作者的态度和情感以及文中细节的发展做出正确推理判断的能力。有些考生认为推理判断题的答案就是在文章中没有出现的信息,这种理解比较狭隘;无论是何种考题,设问的依据都是在文本之中,所以答题时不能凭空想象或主观臆断。推理判断题与细节理解题有很多重合之处,考生在做题时

2、应紧扣文本,以文章所提供的细节为主要依据,而相较于细节理解题,推理判断题在获得相关细节后需经过深层次分析形成合乎逻辑的推断。过专题【五年高考】A组自主命题北京卷题组Passage 1(2018北京,C)词数:345Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there

3、 is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms o

4、n a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms􀆳 chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物)and applied it to

5、 plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms􀆳 stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms􀆳 ability to break down their everyd

6、ay foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well,”she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee,

7、 who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produ

8、ced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team􀆳s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply“millions of worms thrown on top of

9、the plastic.”1.What can we learn about the worms in the study?A.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.2.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A.identify other means of the breakdo

10、wnB.find out the source of the enzymeC.confirm the research findingsD.increase the breakdown speed3.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A.help to raise wormsB.help make plastic bagsC.be used to clean the oceansD.be produced in factories in future4.What is the main purp

11、ose of the passage?A.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present a way to break down plastics.D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.答案1.C2.B3.D4.CPassage 2(2017北京,A)词数:344It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesley

12、an Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn􀆳t know each other wellTaylor had just moved to town a month or so

13、 before.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground. “Paris􀆳s eyes rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shoc

14、k. Then the softball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR?”CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person􀆳s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR

15、 course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn􀆳t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,”says Taylor.Taylor􀆳s swift action helped her teamm

16、ates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris􀆳s heartbeat returned.“I know I was really lucky,” Paris says now. “Most people don􀆳

17、t survive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more c

18、onfident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”1.What happened to Paris on a March day?A.She caught a bad cold.B.She had a sudden heart problem.C.She was knocked down by a ball.D.She shivered terribly during practice.2.Why does Paris say she was luck

19、y?A.She made a worthy friend.B.She recovered from shock.C.She received immediate CPR.D.She came back on the softball team.3.Which of the following words can best describe Taylor? A.Enthusiastic and kind.B.Courageous and calm.C.Cooperative and generous.D.Ambitious and professional.答案1.B2.C3.BPassage

20、3(2017北京,D)词数:455Hollywood􀆳s theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well

21、-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way:“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we

22、 really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the

23、 machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then,

24、we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers

25、argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intellige

26、nt machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argu

27、e that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI

28、will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain

29、 reaction.1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may.A.run out of human controlB.satisfy human􀆳s real desiresC.command armies of killer robotsD.work faster than a mathematician2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might b

30、e able to.A.prevent themselves from being destroyedB.achieve their original goals independentlyC.do anything successfully with given ordersD.beat humans in international chess matches3.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to.A.help super intelligent machines work betterB.be secure aga

31、inst evil human beingsC.keep machines from being harmedD.avoid robots􀆳 affecting the world4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A.It will disappear with the development of AI.B.It will get worse with human interference.C.It will be solved but with

32、difficulty.D.It will stay for a decade.答案1.A2.A3.D4.CPassage 4(2016北京,C)词数:359California Condor􀆳s Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North America􀆳s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have