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英国社会与文化知识点试题
chapter1Ageneralsurvey
1、UK全称:
Officialname
---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.
----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK
每个nation的capital
Capitalcity
NationalEmblem
England
London
rose
Scotland
Edinburgh
Thistle蓟花
Wales
Cardiff加的夫
Daffodil水仙花
NorthernIreland
Belfast贝尔法斯特
Shamrock三叶草
2、NorthernIreland:
LoughNeagh:
thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)
3、Scotland:
BenNevis:
thehighestmountaininBritain(本尼维斯山)
4、Edinburgh:
1.thecapitalcityofScotland
2.economiccenterofScotland
3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街
(1)Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫):
symbolofEdinburgh&situatedonamoundofVol
(2)Windsorcastle(温莎城堡):
largestoccupiedcastle
(3)Holyroodpalace(荷里路德宫):
theofficialresidence(住处)oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastle
Thestoneofdestiny命运之石
Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEngland
Referendum苏格兰公投
5、England
Mountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)
BackboneofthecentralNorthernEngland
LondonEast-poorWest-rich
importantriverinLondon:
Thames泰晤士河
LondonEye:
thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/
BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclock
WestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂
PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫
HouseofParliament国会大厦
BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫
3、Furtherinformation
Nationalcurrency(本国货币):
GBP=GreatBritainPound(英镑)
Nationalday:
Queen’sBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926
Nationalflag:
UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801
Nationalflower:
rose
Location:
WesternEurope
6、Geography(Q:
DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?
)
.Location
---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope
---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas
.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope
.totheeastbytheNorthSea
.tothewestbytheIrishsea
.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean
7、Land&People
.veryunevenlydistributed:
90%urban10%rural
.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peopleareofnon-Europeanethnicity
8、Climate:
aFavorableMaritimeClimate(海洋性气候)
Q:
.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather
.mild(温和的)wintersandcoolsummers
.asteadyandreliable(稳定的)rainfallthroughouttheyear
.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer)
AndFactor影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters
Q:
.south-westwinds
.NorthAtlanticDrift(北大西洋漂流)
9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth
Officialname+TheBritishIsles
-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)
-----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)
-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire)
-----Numeroussmallerislands
Chapter2.Government
1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制
ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy议会民主制
2、Monarch君主:
QueenElizabethⅡ
Born:
April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952
Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun
BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister
3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215
Q:
WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?
-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)
Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:
.anintegralpartofthelegislature
.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches
.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown
.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland
4、Parliament:
LegislativebodyLocatedinWestminster
Q:
ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons
Parliament(aFrenchwordforatalking-place)
.Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918
.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)
Q:
MainFunctionofParliament:
.tomakelaws
.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment
.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney
.todebatethemajorissuesoftheday
TheHouseofLords上议院
ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员)withtheLordchancellor(大法官)asthePresidentoftheHouse
TheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长
NextonlytothePrimeMinister
HouseofCommonsnumberofmembers650
5.Executive行政
Executivebody:
theSovereign,PrimeMinister&Cabinet
No.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号
→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)
→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch
(non-political)→Executive:
PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)
→Judiciary:
HouseofLords(non-political)
Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties
1.GeneralElection
(1)Theelectorate(选民,有选举权者):
About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的)people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.
(2)Constituencies(选区):
about650
(3)Thetermofaparliament:
5years
(4)Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster
(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.
(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit(押金)of500pounds.
(7)TheUK’sFirst-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.
Q:
Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing
1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.
2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.
3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)
4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.
UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010
TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament(悬垂议会)wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks(联合声明)beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11May,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.ThiswasacceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister
2.PoliticalParties
HistoryofPoliticalParties
---Priortothemid-19th:
TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)
---Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:
TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)
TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)
---Post1920s:
TheConservativePartyTheLabourParty
Q:
.relativelyrichandprivileged
.thepartyofthecentral-right
.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety
.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol
.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicy
BigNames
.WinstonChurchill:
PM1940-1945&1951-1955
.MargretThatcher:
PM1979-1990
.DavidCameron:
PM2010-present
Q:
.relativelypoorandunderprivileged
.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary)
.aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution
.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions
.haveamajoreffectonUK’sNationalHealthService
BigNames
TonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010
EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-present
Chapter4Economy
Introduction:
1.Factoryoftheworld
2.BritishDisease---amockingterm
Q:
Whatis“BritishDisease”?
(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdeclineafterthewars.
(2)Britain’sslowgrowthofproductivity,soaringinflation,andlargeunemployment
3.amajordevelopedcapitalistcountry
4.6thlargesteconomyin2012
5.3periodsofBritaineconomicevolution
.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;
.Economicrecessioninthe70s;
.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;
.Bythe1880s,dominantintheworld,
*onethirdoftheworld’smanufacturedgoods
*halfitscoalandiron
*halfitscotton
.By1900,overtakenbyUSandGermany
6.ReasonsforRelativeDecline
Q:
WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?
(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.
(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).
(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonization
completedinthe1960s).
$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.
$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment
$.highrateofoverseasinvestment
$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.
Absolutedeclinea.Introduction
andrelativedeclineb.Reasonsforrelativedecline
Economyc.RecentHistory
ThecurrentPrimaryIndustries
UKeconomySecondaryIndustries
TertiaryIndustries
CasesAnalysisPositiveEffects
NegativeEffects
7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction
.5%ofnationalwealth
.Coal
.oilandgas:
NorthSea(declinesince1999)
.producerandexporter
.offshoreoilindustry
8.Secondaryindustries
*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)
Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)
Aerospace航天(3rdlargestintheworld)
Electronicsindustry(4thlargestintheworld)
9.Tertiaryindustries
.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth)
.Domesticactivity:
retailing,tourism
.Internationalservices(10%~70%)
.Financialandbusinessservices
10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)
In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestinEurope
Chapter5literature
1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)
Background:
TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,aswellasaspecificpoetictradition.
OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.
✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:
thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons
北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗,杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)
2.LateMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)
difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeath
folkliterature(民间文学)
✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》
*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)
✓TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories)
Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrims(朝圣者)toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury
3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17thcentury)
StaredinItaly
TheRenaissance-aFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirthorrevival
Humanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).
PeakofEnglishRenaissance:
ElizabethanDrama
英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:
伊丽莎白戏剧
*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)
✓Tragedies:
RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白
✓HistoricalPlays:
RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ
✓Comedies:
TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人
Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗
*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)
✓Utopia《乌托邦》
*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)
✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》
*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根
✓Essays《随笔》
4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)
*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)
✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)
*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9