英国社会与文化知识点试题.docx

1、英国社会与文化知识点试题chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname-theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.-theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcityNationalEmblemEnglandLondonroseScotlandEdinburghThistle蓟花WalesCardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIrelandBelfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNe

2、agh:thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountaininBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona

3、moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石=referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、Eng

4、landMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPa

5、lace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：QueensBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location-Locatedof

6、fthenorthwestcoastofEurope-anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope.totheeastbytheNorthSea.tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peoplea

7、reofnon-Europeanethnicity8、Climate:aFavorableMaritimeClimate（海洋性气候）Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather.mild（温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable（稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6inthenorthinWinter,and12-17inthesouthinsummer)AndFactor影响因素.ThesurroundingwatersQ

8、:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift（北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthOfficialname+TheBritishIsles-GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)-NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire)-Numeroussmallerisla

9、ndsChapter2.Government1、政治体制-议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy议会民主制2、Monarch君主:QueenElizabethBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunBythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215Q:Whatp

10、owersdoestheQueenhave?-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:.anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland4、Parliament:LegislativebodyL

11、ocatedinWestminsterQ:ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommonsParliament（aFrenchwordforatalking-place).Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivego

12、vernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLordchancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons-theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers

13、6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号Legislature-ParliamentHouseofLords(semi-political)HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalPar

14、ties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster(5)I

15、nBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUKsFirst-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautom

16、aticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasable

17、tocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11May,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.ThiswasacceptedbyQueenElizabeth,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontof

18、ormagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties-Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)-Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:TheTories-theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig-theLiberalParty(自由党)-Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thep

19、artyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.the

20、partyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUKsNationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentC

21、hapter4EconomyIntroduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease-amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritainseconomicdeclineafterthewars.(2)Britainsslowgrowthofproductivity,soaringinflation,andlargeunemployment3.amajordevelopedcapitalistcountry4.6thlargesteconomyin20125.3per

22、iodsofBritaineconomicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominantintheworld,*onethirdoftheworldsmanufacturedgoods*halfitscoalandiron*halfitscotton.By1900,overtakenbyUSandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:Whatcausestherelativede

23、clineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinves

24、tment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrentPrimaryIndustriesUKeconomySecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.P

25、rimaryindustries-EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(declinesince1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rdlargestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4thlargest

26、intheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelar

27、gestinEuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,aswellasaspecificpoetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature. Beowulf贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪

28、(seamonsterGrendel)2.LateMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学) RobinHood罗宾汉*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity) TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集(26stories)Itismade

29、upofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17thcentury)StaredinItalyTheRenaissance-aFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theim

30、portanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉莎士比亚(1564-1616) Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白 HistoricalPlays:Richard,Richard,Henry,Henry Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNightsDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthN

31、ight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535) Utopia乌托邦*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674) ParadiseLost失乐园*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根 Essays随笔4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744) AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊 TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9