句子结构及成分.docx

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句子结构及成分.docx

句子结构及成分

句子结构及成分

一.句子成分

现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

英语的基本成分有七种:

除主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)之外还有表语(predicative)(同位语)。

许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号

主语在下面划一直线

谓语在下面划曲线

宾语在下面划双横线

定语在下面划虚线(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,钉谐音为“定语”的“定”)

状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟)

补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙)

同位语上下双曲线,(虽都有曲折,上下位置基本相同)

1.主语

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。

可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词(如therich)5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。

Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)

Helikesdancing.(代词)

Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)

Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)

Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)

Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)

Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)

练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线,并说出由什么充当

1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.

2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.

3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.

4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.

5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.

6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.

7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.

8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.

9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue

答案:

1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)

2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)

3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)

4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)

5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)

6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)

7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)

8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)

9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.(主语从句,that不能省略)

练习2.改错

1)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.

2)Thatwhathesaidisn’ttrue.

3)Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.

4)Onthedeskistwobooks.

答案:

1)do改为doing,用动名词作主语。

2)去掉that,what本身都有连接作用。

3)在he前加That,主语从句中that不能省。

也可改为Hiscominglate,用动名词的复合结构作主语。

4)is改为are,介词短语不能作主语,本句是倒装句。

2.谓语:

谓语由动词充当,说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。

谓语的构成如下:

1、简单谓语:

由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如:

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.

Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.

2、复合谓语:

(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。

如:

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.

Hehascaughtabadcold.

Mysisteriscryingoverthere.

Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.

Iwouldstayathomeallday.

(2)由系动词加表语构成。

系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语。

如:

Wearestudents.

Yourideasoundsgreat.

考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数

当主语是复数时(不止一个人),后面用动词原形。

当主语是一个人,并且不是I和you,谓语要用第三人称单数,也就是在后面加-s,-es

1.We/You(你们)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.

2.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.

3.Hischildren____(go)toschooleveryday.

4.Tom____(go)toschooleveryday.

5.Mybrother____(go)toschooleveryday.

6.Yoursister____(go)toschooleveryday.

7.Theirson____(go)toschooleveryday.

8.He/She____(go)toschooleveryday.

答案:

1-3,go4-8,goes

 

考点2.谓语中要有动词,因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。

如:

Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.×

Ourschoolisverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.√

ThefooddeliciousandIatealot.×ThefoodwasdeliciousandIatealot.√

考点3.在复合谓语中,情态动词和助动词,如:

will,shall,would,should,can,maymust,could,might,还有hadto,hadbetter,usedto,wouldrather等,都没有人称和数的变化,后面用动词原形。

Shemightstayedathome.×Shemightstayathome.√

Hemustcomes.×Hemustcome.√

考点4.进行时是be+doing,不要把be遗忘了

Itrainingheavily.×Itwasrainingheavily.√

Theyplantingtreesonthefarm.×Theywereplantingtreesonthefarm.√

3.表语:

表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

Heisateacher.(名词)

Seventy-four!

Youdon’tlookit.(代词)

Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)

Heisasleep.(形容词)

Hisfatherisin.(副词)

Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)

Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)

Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.(不定式)

Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)

常见的系动词有:

be,sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉)...

Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.

Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.

Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.

Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.

划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。

1)OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.

2)Isityours?

3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.

4)Thespeechisexciting.

5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?

6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.

7)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.

8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.

9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.

答案:

1)OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)

2)Isityours?

(代词)

3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)

4)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)

5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?

(数词)

6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)

7)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)

8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.(介词短语)

9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)

4.宾语:

宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,

IlikeChina.(名词)

Hehatesyou.(代词)

Howmanydoyouneed?

Weneedtwo.(数词)

Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.

Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)

Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)

Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?

(宾语从句)

2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Areyouafraidofthesnake?

Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.

3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)

Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.

划出下列句中的宾语,并说明有什么充当。

1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.

2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.

3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?

)Ihavefive.

4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.

5)Iwantedtobuyacar.

6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.

7)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.

答案:

1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.(名词)

2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)

3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?

)Ihavefive.(数词)

4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)

5)Iwantedtobuyacar.(不定式短语)

6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)

7)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)

5.宾语补足语:

英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。

宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

换句话说,在意思上,宾语相当于宾补的主语。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:

某些及物动词(如make等)+宾语+宾补。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)

Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.(名)

Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)

Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)

Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)

Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)

Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)

Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)

I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)

用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语,并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。

1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.

2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.

3)Letthefreshairin.

4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.

5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.

6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.

7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.

8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.

答案:

1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)

2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)

3)Letthefreshairin.(副词)

4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)

5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)

6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)

7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)

8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.(过去分词短语)

6.主补:

对主语的补充。

(含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时,原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。

Hewaselectedmonitor.

Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.

Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.

7.定语:

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.(名词)

Heisourfriend.(代词)

Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)

Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)

Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)

Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)

TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.(现在分词)

Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)

Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)

YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)

考点1.若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:

something、nothing),定语通常置后。

Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(important修饰something,却放在后面)

Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.(interesting修饰nothing)

考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。

Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)

Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.(楼下的警察)

考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后

Thenextmanisascientist.

Themannexttomeisascientist.(我旁边的那个人)

Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.(距我家最近的那个商店)

考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置

TheboyunderthetreeisTom.(树下的那个男孩)

ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.(我们班最高的那个男孩)

考点5.名词作定语一般用单数,但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时,womanman也要用复数

boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses

考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置

(参看P104非谓语作定语部分)

Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译:

我有要说的话)

Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.(在那边哭的那个男孩)

Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.(去年建的那座房子)

考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别(参看P106非谓语部分)

Thisisaswimmingpool.(动名词作定语,表功能)

Thesleepingboyisonlyfive.(现在分词作定语,表正在进行)

考点8.Else,别的,其它的,通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语

Whoelsedoyouknow?

Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.

Youcanseethesesignsinahospital.___canyouseethem?

A.WhereelseB.Whereplaceelse

C.WhereelseplaceD.Elsewhere

考点9.enough修饰名词可前置或后置,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。

Nearby可作形容词、副词,因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置

1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.(形容词作定语)

2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.(形容词短语作定语)

3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)

3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.(副词作定语)

=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.(形容词作定语)

用划出下列句中的定语,并指出是什么词性或结构充当的

1.Tomisahandsomeboy.

2.HisboyneedsTom'spen.

3.TheboyinblueisTom.

4.Theboyneedsaballpen.

5.Theboythereneedsapen.

6.Theboytowritethisletterneed

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