句子结构及成分.docx

1、句子结构及成分句子结构及成分一.句子成分现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号主语 在下面划一直线 谓语 在下面划曲线 宾语 在下面划双横线 定语 在下面划虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， 钉 谐音为“定语” 的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩， 木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横

2、，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing.（动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式

3、） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are

4、 girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true答案：1.During the 1990s, American count

5、ry music has become more and more popular.（名词）2.We often speak English in class.（代词）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）6.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an E

6、nglish test has not been decided.（主语从句）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）9.That he isnt at home is not true. (主语从句， that不能省略)练习2. 改错1)Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2)That what he said isnt true.3)He came late made his teacher angry.4)On the desk is t

7、wo books.答案：1）do改为doing, 用动名词作主语。2）去掉that, what本身都有连接作用。3）在he前加That, 主语从句中that不能省。也可改为His coming late, 用动名词的复合结构作主语。4）is改为are, 介词短语不能作主语，本句是倒装句。2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。

8、如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。当主语是一个人，并且不是I

9、和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es1.We/You(你们)/They _(go) to school every day.2.Tom and Mike _(go) to school every day. 3.His children _(go) to school every day.4.Tom _(go) to school every day.5.My brother _(go) to school every day.6.Your sister _(go) to school every day.7.Their son _(go) to school every

10、 day.8.He / She _(go) to school every day.答案：1-3， go 4-8, goes考点2.谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.The food delicious and I ate a lot. The food was delicious and I ate a lot. 考点3.在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：wi

11、ll, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,还有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。She might stayed at home. She might stay at home. He must comes. He must come. 考点4.进行时是be + doing, 不要把be遗忘了It raining heavily. It was raining heavily. They planting trees on the farm

12、. They were planting trees on the farm. 3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it.（代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The pi

13、cture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. The

14、 sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。1)Our teacher of English is an American. 2)Is it yours? 3)The weather has turned cold. 4)The speech is exciting. 5)Three times seve

15、n is twenty one? 6)His job is to teach English.7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8)The machine must be under repairs. 9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.答案：1)Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2)Is it yours?（代词）3)The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4)The speech is exciting.（分词）5)Thre

16、e times seven is twenty one?（数词）6)His job is to teach English.（不定式）7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）8)The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,I like China. （名词） He hates yo

17、u. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me

18、a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。1)They planed many trees yesterday. 2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3)(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5)I wanted to buy a car. 6)I e

19、njoy listening to popular music.7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.答案：1)They planed many trees yesterday.（名词） 2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）3)(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（数词）4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）5)I w

20、anted to buy a car.（不定式短语）6)I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。We elected him monitor. （名词）

21、 We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. (介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repair

22、ed. （过去分词） 用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1)His father named him Dongming. 2)They painted their boat white. 3)Let the fresh air in. 4)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5)We saw her entering the room.6)We found everything in the lab in good order.7)We will soon make our city

23、what your city is now.8)I want your homework done on time.答案：1)His father named him Dongming.（名词）2)They painted their boat white.（形容词）3)Let the fresh air in.（副词）4)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）5)We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）6)We found everything in the lab in good order.

24、（介词短语）7)We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）8)I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)6.主补：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的

25、表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现

26、在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）考点1.若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常置后。I have something important to tell you.(important修饰something,却放在后面)There is nothing interesting

27、 in the book.（ interesting 修饰 nothing）考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilo

28、meter away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置（参看 P104非谓语 作定语部分）I have something to

29、say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别 (参看P106非谓语部分)This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语， 表正在进行）考点8.Else, 别的，其它的，通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Who else do you know?Somebody e

30、lse might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where考点9.enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enou

31、gh to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You cant be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1.Tom is a handsome boy. 2.His boy needs Toms pen. 3.The boy in blue is Tom.4.The boy needs a ball pen.5.The boy there needs a pen.6.The boy to write this letter need