10对外1英美文学史2复习材料.docx
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10对外1英美文学史2复习材料
10对外1英美文学史2复习材料
6.19
一、名词解释
1)AmericanRealism:
inAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.
2)AmericanPuritanism:
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.
3)AmericanNaturalism:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.
4)allusion:
Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.
5)CriticalRealismisaliterarymovementinthe19thcentury.Itstickstotheprincipaloffaithfulrepresentationofthe18thcenturyrealisticnovelandcarriesitsdutyforwardtothecriticismofthesocietyandthedefenseofthemass.TherepresentativefiguresareDickens,theBronte’s,etc.
6)Freeverse:
Itisaformofpoetry.Itmeansthatthepoetryiswithoutafixedbeatoraregularrhyme.Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.Linesandsentencesofdifferentlengthsareleftlyingsidebysidejustasthingsare,undisturbedandseparate.Therearefewcompoundsentencestodrawobjectsandexperiencesintoasystemofhierarchy.
7)HarlemRenaissance:
In1920sinAmerica,therewasanupsurgeofblackliterature,popularlyknownasthe“HarlemRenaissance”,outofwhichsucheminentliteraryfigureasLangstomHughesgrew.So,“HarlemRenaissance”isaburstofliteraryachievementinthe1920sbyNegroPlaywrights,poetsandnovelistswhopresentednewinsightsintotheAmericanexperienceandpreparedthewayfortheemergenceofnumerousBlackwritersaftermid-20thcentury.
8)Personification:
Afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingnon-humanisgivenhumanqualities.
9)Satire:
Akindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessesandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,institutions,orhumanityingeneral.Theaimofsatiristsistosetamoralstandardforsociety,andtheyattempttopersuadethereadertoseetheirpointofviewthroughtheforceoflaughter.
10)psychologicalrealism:
Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacter’sthoughtsandmotivations.HenryJames’snovelTheAmbassadorisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealismmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealismisthereforemerelytheobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit,whichmaynotbethesamelifeasit“really”is.
11)modernism:
Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchasSymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,andfuturism.Themodernistsconsciouslyandactivelyrejectedtheestablishedrules,traditionsandconventionstoshowtheirdissatisfactionanddisappointmentabouttherealisticsociety.
二、知识点
1、了解英国维多利亚时期及20世纪文学特点及代表作家、代表作;
a.Englishcriticalrealism:
criticalrealismwasthemaincurrentinEnglishnovelinthemiddleofthe19thecentury
b.flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties
c.ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.
d.TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople
维多利亚时期代表作家及作品:
(1)Novel
①CharlesDickens---thegreatestrealistofthetime
SketchesbyBoz(博兰特写集)thePickwickPaper’s(匹克威克外传)
OliverTwist(雾都孤儿)theoldcuriosityshop(老古玩店)
Americannotes(国美札记)DOobeyandson(董贝父子)
Davidcopperfield(大卫科菲波尔)bleakhouse(荒凉山庄)
Littledorrit(小杜丽)ataleottwocities(双城记)greatexpectation(远大前程)
②WilliamMakepeaceThackeray:
1839年:
《凯萨琳》(Catherine)1840年:
《水手日记》(Cox'sDiary)
1840年:
《悲惨华丽的故事》(AShabbyGenteelStory)
1843年:
《费兹·布多·佩帕斯》(Fitz-BoodlePapers)
1844年:
《乱世儿女》,原名【贝瑞·林登】(BarryLyndon)1847年:
《我的家园》(OurTown)1848年:
《名利场》(VanityFair)1850年:
《丽贝卡与罗薇娜》(RebeccaandRowena)1852年:
《男人的妻子们》(Men'sWives)11855年:
《玫瑰与戒指》(TheRoseandtheRing)1857年-1859年:
《维吉尼亚的人们》(TheVirginians)
1862年:
《菲利浦的冒险》(TheAdventuresofPhilip)1864年:
《丹尼斯·狄万》(DenisDuval)
③CharlotteBronte
847年:
代表作《简·爱》(JaneEyre)
1849年:
《雪莉》(Shirley)
1853年:
《维莱特》(Villette)
1857年:
《教师》(TheProfessor)
④ElizabethGaskell
1.MaryBarton(1848)2.TheMoorlandCottage(1850)3.Ruth(1853)
4.Cranford(1853)5.NorthandSouth(HouseholdWords,x,1855)
⑤GeorgeEliot乔治·艾略特
AdamBede《亚当·比德》TheMillontheFloss《弗罗斯河上的磨房.SilasMarner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》
(2)Prose
⑥ThomasCarlyle托马斯·卡莱尔
《法国革命》TheFrenchRevolution
《论英雄、英雄崇拜和历史上的英雄业绩》OnHeroesandHero-Worship
《过去与现在》PastandPresent
⑦JohnRuskin约翰·拉斯金
《现代画家I~V》ModernPainersI~V(1843年~1960年)
《建筑的七盏明灯》TheSevenLampsofArchitecture(1849年)
《威尼斯之石》TheStonesofVenice(1853年)
《建筑与绘画》ArchitectureandPainting(1854年)
⑧MatthewArnold马修・阿诺德
DoverBeach《多佛滩》
(3)Poetry
⑨AlfredTennyson阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生(维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人)
“Break,Break,Break”碎了,碎了,碎了“Ulysses”尤利西斯“ThePrincess”公主InMemoriam悼念TheIdyllsoftheKing国王叙事诗
⑩RobertBrowning罗勃特·白朗宁(dramaticmonologue)
TheRingandtheBook《环与书》"MyLastDuchess"《我的已故的公爵夫人.》"HomeThoughts,fromAbroad"《海外乡思》
(11)CharlesSwinburne查尔斯·史文朋
2.了解美国各个时期文学特点及代表作家,特别是超验主义,自然主义,现代主义;
(1)Transcendentalism(超验主义)
Transcendentalism—itisaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishinNewEngland,asareactionagainstrationalismandCalvinism(加尔文主义).Itstressedintuitiveunderstandingofgodwithoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.
特点:
Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheover-soul.Itstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Itofferedafreshperceptionofnatureasasymbolicofthespiritofoverwhelmingpresence.
代表作家:
Emerson&Thoreau;Hawthorne&Melville;Whiteman&Dickenson;AllenPoe
(2)Naturalism(自然主义)
anewandharsherrealism,theendofthecenturyPerceptionofsociety’sdisordersPresentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.
特点:
Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.
代表作家:
StephenCrane史蒂芬.克莱恩,FrankNorris弗朗克.诺里斯,JackLondon杰克.伦敦,TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞
(3)Modernism现代主义:
islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.
代表作家:
埃兹拉·庞德EzraPound、罗伯特·弗洛斯特RobertLeeFrost、尤金·奥尼尔EugeneO'Neill、F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德FScottFitzgerald、欧内斯特·海明威ErnestHemingway、威廉·福克纳WilliamFaulkner、约翰‧史坦贝克JohnSteinbeck、辛克莱·刘易斯SinclairLewis
3.熟悉课内涉及到的各作家写作风格、代表作及作品的梗概,
(1)在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人:
thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.
(2)BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
TheAutobiography《自传》18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能,表达简洁明了,幽默,讽刺天才、
(3)ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因1737-1809"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人
AmericanCrisis《美国危机》
(4)ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊
draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言
(5)PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美国诗歌之父
TheWildHoneysuckle《野金银花》TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地
(6)WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家
thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
AHistoryofNewYork《纽约的历史》-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作
TheLegen