10对外1英美文学史2复习材料.docx

1、10对外1英美文学史2复习材料 10对外1英美文学史2复习材料 6.19一、名词解释 1） American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange

2、 toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.2） American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of

3、 the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the wor

4、d itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the

5、early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.3） American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Am

6、ericas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturali

7、sts sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was

8、misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.4） allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to

9、 recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.5） Critical Realism is a literary movement in the 19th century. It sticks to the principal of faithful representation of the 18th century realistic novel and carries its duty forward to the criticism

10、 of the society and the defense of the mass. The representative figures are Dickens, the Brontes, etc.6） Free verse: It is a form of poetry. It means that the poetry is without a fixed beat or a regular rhyme. A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and senten

11、ces of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are, undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy.7） Harlem Renaissance: In 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of black literature, popularly known as the

12、“Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figure as Langstom Hughes grew. So, “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro Playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence o

13、f numerous Black writers after mid-20th century.8） Personification: A figure of speech in which something non-human is given human qualities.9） Satire:A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrong doings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.

14、 The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. 10） psychological realism: It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters thoughts and motivations. Henr

15、y Jamess novel The Ambassador is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the

16、 artist assumes to represent life as he sees it, which may not be the same life as it “really” is. 11） modernism: Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It was made up of many facets, such as Symbolism, surr

17、ealism, cubism, expressionism, and futurism. The modernists consciously and actively rejected the established rules, traditions and conventions to show their dissatisfaction and disappointment about the realistic society.二、知识点1、了解英国维多利亚时期及20世纪文学特点及代表作家、代表作；a. English critical realism: critical reali

18、sm was the main current in English novel in the middle of the 19the centuryb. flourished in the forties and in the early fiftiesc. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic vie

19、wpoint.d. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people维多利亚时期代表作家及作品：（1）NovelCharles Dickens-the greatest realist of the timeSketches by Boz(博兰特写集) the Pickw

20、ick Papers(匹克威克外传)Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿) the old curiosity shop(老古玩店)American notes(国美札记) DOobey and son(董贝父子)David copperfield(大卫科菲波尔) bleak house(荒凉山庄)Little dorrit (小杜丽) a tale ot two cities (双城记) great expectation(远大前程)William Makepeace Thackeray：1839年：凯萨琳（Catherine） 1840年：水手日记（Coxs Diary） 1840年：悲惨华

21、丽的故事（A Shabby Genteel Story） 1843年：费兹布多佩帕斯（Fitz-Boodle Papers） 1844年：乱世儿女，原名【贝瑞林登】（Barry Lyndon）1847年：我的家园（Our Town） 1848年：名利场（Vanity Fair） 1850年：丽贝卡与罗薇娜（Rebecca and Rowena） 1852年：男人的妻子们（Mens Wives） 11855年：玫瑰与戒指（The Rose and the Ring） 1857年-1859年：维吉尼亚的人们（The Virginians） 1862年：菲利浦的冒险（The Adventures o

22、f Philip） 1864年：丹尼斯狄万（Denis Duval）Charlotte Bronte847年：代表作简爱（Jane Eyre）1849年：雪莉（Shirley）1853年：维莱特（Villette）1857年：教师（The Professor）Elizabeth Gaskell1. Mary Barton (1848 ) 2. The Moorland Cottage (1850) 3. Ruth (1853)4. Cranford (1853) 5. North and South (Household Words, x, 1855)George Eliot乔治艾略特Adam

23、 Bede亚当比德The Mill on the Floss弗罗斯河上的磨房.Silas Marner织工马南传Middlemarch 米德尔马契（2）ProseThomas Carlyle托马斯卡莱尔 法国革命The French Revolution论英雄、英雄崇拜和历史上的英雄业绩On Heroes and Hero-Worship过去与现在Past and PresentJohn Ruskin约翰拉斯金现代画家IVModern Painers IV(1843年1960年)建筑的七盏明灯The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849年)威尼斯之石The Sto

24、nes of Venice (1853年)建筑与绘画Architecture and Painting (1854年)Matthew Arnold马修阿诺德Dover Beach多佛滩（3）PoetryAlfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼生（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）“Break, Break, Break”碎了，碎了，碎了“Ulysses”尤利西斯“The Princess”公主In Memoriam悼念The Idylls of the King国王叙事诗Robert Browning罗勃特白朗宁( dramatic monologue) The Ring and the

25、 Book 环与书My Last Duchess我的已故的公爵夫人.Home Thoughts, from Abroad海外乡思（11）Charles Swinburne查尔斯史文朋2. 了解美国各个时期文学特点及代表作家,特别是超验主义，自然主义，现代主义；（1）Transcendentalism（超验主义）Transcendentalismit is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism（加尔文主义）

26、. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.特点：It placed emphasis on spirit, or the over-soul.It stressed the importance of the individual.It offered a fresh perception of nature as a symbolic of the spirit of overwhelming prese

27、nce. 代表作家: Emerson & Thoreau; Hawthorne & Melville; Whiteman & Dickenson; Allen Poe（2）Naturalism（自然主义）a new and harsher realism, the end of the century Perception of societys disorders Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 特点：T

28、he naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩,Frank No

29、rris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞（3）Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic t

30、ime than the chronological one. 代表作家：埃兹拉庞德Ezra Pound、罗伯特弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost、尤金奥尼尔Eugene ONeill、F斯科特菲茨杰拉德F Scott Fitzgerald、欧内斯特海明威 Ernest Hemingway、威廉福克纳William Faulkner、约翰史坦贝克John Steinbeck、辛克莱刘易斯Sinclair Lewis3. 熟悉课内涉及到的各作家写作风格、代表作及作品的梗概，（1）在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.

31、（2）Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林1706-1790The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、（3）Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因1737-1809 Great Common of Mankind 最平凡的人American Crisis美国危机（4）Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊drafted the Decla

32、ration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言（5）Philip Freneau菲利普费瑞诺poet and political journalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 has been called the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父The Wild Honey suckle野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地（6）Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist第一个纯文学作家the first great prose stylist of American romanticism 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家A History of New York 纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作The Legen