英语.docx

英语.docx

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英语

AsmallandimpoverishedJewishcommunityremainedprimarilyinSafedandinGalilee.

InconformitywithRomancustom,Jerusalemwasthen“ploughedupwithayokeofoxen,”

politicalconsolidationunderJewishrulewasattained

followingEmperorConstantine’sconversiontoChristianity（313）andthefoundingoftheByzantineEmpire

whowerestillinspiredbymessianichopesofdeliverance

theJewsweregrantedtheadministrationofJerusalem

Subsequently,theByzantinearmyreenteredthecity（629）andagainexpelleditsJewishpopulation.

masadaiswhereagroupofJewishZealotssoughtrefugeandheldoutagainstaRomansiegeforsevenmonths

ThisheroicstandandtheZealots’valiantdeianceoftheRomansisrememberedintheoathmadebyIsraeliarmyrecruitsthat“Masadashallnotfallagain.”

wheretheprophetMuhammadwasbelievedtohaveascendedtoheaven.

AttheoutsetofIslamicrule,JewishsettlementinJerusalemwasresumed,andtheJewishcommunitywasgrantedpermissiontoliveunder“protection,”

theintroductionofrestrictionsagainstnon-Muslimsin717affectedthe

Jews’publicconduct,religiousobservances,andlegalstatus,

Mostofthecity’snon-Christianinhabitantsweremassacred;

theJewswereagainaccordedacertainmeasureoffreedom,

thetownhadbecomeathrivingtextilecenteraswellasthefocusofintenseintellectualactivity.

muchofthelandwasownedbyabsenteelandlordsandleasedtoimpoverishedtenantfarmers.

Taxationwascripplingandcapricious.

Otherssoughttoescapethepogroms（organizedmassacres）prevalentinRussia

Nineteenth-centurywesternEuropeprovidedsomeopportunitiesfor

Jewstomovefromtheghettosandbeassimilated,orincorporated,into

generalsociety.

AlexanderIIwasassassinatedin1881.

AlexanderIIIinstitutedoppressivepolicies.

theysoughtrefugeintheideaofreconstitutingaJewishstate—butasecularandsocialistone.

heobservedthetrialofCaptainTheodorHerzlinBasel,SwitzerlandAlfredDreyfusandwasaffectedbythefalseaccusationsof“traitor”leveledagainsttheFrenchJewisharmyofficerandbytheepisodesofanti-SemitismthataccompaniedthetrialandthedisgraceofDreyfus.

theresponsetocenturiesofdiscrimination,persecution,andoppression.

TheverynameofPalestinewouldattractourpeoplewithaforceofmarvelouspotency”

OnAugust23,1897,inBasel,Switzerland,HerzlconvenedthefirstWorldZionistCongress,

Herzlnegotiatedforlandwithanumberofworldleaders

Zionismwasseenasasecular（andsocialist）movementthatcontradictedJewishbeliefandtradition.

sustainingacentralsenseofdevotionandJewishritualobservance.

Thewarprovidedanopportunityforsubstantialpoliticalmaneuveringbythegreatpowersseekingenhancedpositionsintheregionaswellasbyindigenouspeoplesandleaders.

developedschemesforthedivisionoftheterritoriesofthedefeatedOttomanEmpireafterthewar’send.

thiswouldfacilitatetheAlliedwareffortagainstitsadversaries.

InanexchangeofcorrespondencebetweenHusseinandtheBritishhighcommissionerinEgypt,

AlthoughtheBritishexcludedthatareafromHussein’sproposeddomain,McMahon’sremarksleftthispledgesomewhatambiguousduringthehostilitiessoastoensureArabsupportagainsttheOttomans.

Theambiguityallowedfornumerousandvariousinterpretations.

U.S.presidentWoodrowWilsonpersonallyendorsedthedeclarationandtheU.S.Congress,in1922,unanimouslyapprovedajointresolutionsupportingtheBalfourDeclaration.

Ihavemuchpleasureinconveyingtoyou,onbehalfofHisMajesty’sGovernment,thefollowingdeclarationofsympathywithJewishZionistaspirationswhichhasbeensubmittedto,andapprovedby,theCabinet:

beganhiscareerasafacultymemberinbiochemistryattheUniversity

wasinstrumentalinsecuringtheBalfourDeclaration.

WeizmannheadedtheZionistdelegationtotheParisPeaceConference.

headdressedtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblytopleadfortheestablishmentofaJewishstate.

WeizmannbecamepresidentofIsrael’sprovisionalgovernmentinMay1948,

IncludedintheBritisharmywerethreebattalionsoftheJewishlegion,consistingofthousandsofJewishvolunteers.

AnarmisticewasconcludedwithTurkeyonOctober31,1918,andallofPalestinecameunderBritishmilitarycontrol.

incurredthedispleasureofbothparties

Insteadofmakingthedecisionsoonafterthecessationofhostilities,theBritisheffectivelypostponeditandinsteadtookuponthemselvestoretaincontrolofPalestine.

administrativeandpoliticalframework

ThehistoryofthemodernJewishstate,fromanadministrativeandbureaucraticperspective,beginswiththecreationofthemandate.

thousandsofhighlycommittedandwell-trainedsocialistZionists

ArmsweresmuggledtotheHaganah

TheHaganahguardedsettlements,manufacturedarms

whicheventuallybecamethebasisfortheforeignministryandotheragencieswithdiplomaticmissionsoutsideIsraelandforthefunctionsrelatingtoimmigrantsandliaisonwiththeJewishDiaspora.

Ben-GurionwasconvincedthattheRevisionistsandtheirmoremilitantstancewereendangeringthedrivetowardeventualstatehoodandsoughttoundermineanddiscreditRevisionism.

Ben-Gurionintensiiedtheseefforts.

theJewishAgency’sexecutivecommittee

dramatizethesignificanceofpioneeringandreclaimingthedesert.

heandsomefollowerscontestedtheelection

ideologicalandtacticaldifferencesbetweentheNZOandtheWZOhaddiminished,

SuccessivewavesofJewishimmigrantsarrivedinPalestine

thewatersoftheJordanRiverwereharnessedfortheproductionofelectricpower

theDeadSea’smineralpotentialwastapped.

Galleriesandhallsweresetuptoprovidevenuesforexhibitionsandperformances.

Britishgovernmentissueaclearstatementofpolicyonthemeaningsofthemandateprovisions

reachednodeinitivepolicy.

InNovember1935,theArabsinPalestinepetitionedtheBritishauthoritiestohaltlandtransferstotheJews,toterminatefurtherJewishimmigrationuntiltherewasanevaluationoftheabsorptivecapacityofthecountry.

Hebrewrepresentstheonlyinstanceofalanguagesuccessfullyrevivedasaspokenlanguageafterithadceasedtobespoken.

TheimmediateresultwasaspectaculardevelopmentofHebrewliterature

avigorousliteraturedeveloped.

However,Britainwouldnotrenounceitsobligations

AngerandprotestfromboththeArabsandtheZionistsensued.

BritainendorsedthePeelplan.

anewandmoreviolentphaseoftheArabrevoltbegan.

thePeelCommission’sproposalswerenotfeasible,

itwouldleavealargeArabminoritywithintheboundaries

thissolutionoftheproblemisimpracticable.

thatcalledforsevererestrictionsonJewishimmigration

breachoffaith.

AstheNaziarmiessweptthroughEurope,Jewswerepersecuted,subjectedtopainandhumiliation,andherdedintoghettos.

murderedinmassshootingsoringaschambers.

TheJewishBrigadeandPalmachveteranswouldlaterconstitutethecoreoftheIDFofficercorps.

destroyedbyabombingcommitted

thearmedwingofthe

Revisionistmovement.

In1937,anagreementwiththeHaganahforthemergerofthetwodefensebodiesledtoasplitinEtzelinApril1937.

resultedinalargenumberofArabciviliancasualties.

whichconsequentlywentupinlamesoffTelAviv.

ThepracticalandhumanitarianproblemswerefacedbyU.S.militaryforcesconfrontinglargenumbersofdisplacedEuropeanJews

TrumansuggestedtheneedtoopenthegatestoPalestinefordisplaced

Jewsseekingrefuge.

anAnglo-AmericanCommitteeofInquiry,composedofrepresentativesappointedbytheirrespectivegovernments,

Amongtherecommendationswastheimmediateissuingof

100,000immigrationcertiicatesforPalestinetoJewishvictimsofNaziandFascistpersecution.

FacedwithcontinuedBritishopposition,theyishuvdecidedtocommenceillegalJewishimmigrationtoPalestine.

Theenormousdrainonhumanandeconomicresources

thecrucialdecisionwastaken

AspartoftheZionistlobbyingeffort,

indeianceoftheBritishauthorities.

Mediacoverageofthestrugglefurthergalvanizedinternationalcriticism

ofGreatBritain’spolicies.

thecitywasdeemedtooholytobeaccordedtoeither.

resolutionhasdestroyedtheCharterandalltheconvenantsprecedingit.

thepressureexertedonvariousrepresentativesofthisOrganisation

theGovernmentofSaudiArabiaregisters,onthishistoricoccasion,

Furthermore,

itreservestoitselfthefullrighttoactfreelyinwhateverwayitdeemsfit,inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofrightandjustice.

TheseclashingperspectivesprovidedabasisfortheongoingArab-Israeliconlict.

struggleforregionalmastery.

Israel’sdeclarationwasgreetedwithjubilationamongJews

Heretheyirstattainedtostatehood,createdculturalvaluesofnationalanduniversalsigniicanceandgavetotheworldtheeternalBookofBooks.

Impelledbythishistoricandtraditionalattachment,Jewsstroveineverysuccessivegenerationtore-establishthemselvesintheirancienthomeland.

conferupontheJewishpeoplethestatusofafully-privilegedmemberofthecomityofnations.

undauntedbydificulties,restrictionsanddangers,andneverceasedtoasserttheirrighttoalifeofdignity,freedomandhonesttoilintheirnationalhomeland.

ThisrecognitionbytheUnitedNationsoftherightoftheJewishpeopletoestablishtheirStateisirrevocable.

ThisrightisthenaturalrightoftheJewishpeopletobemastersoftheirownfate,likeallothernations,intheirownsovereignState.

WEEXTENDourhandtoallneighbouringstatesandtheirpeoplesinanofferofpeaceandgoodneighbourlinessmutualhelp

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