英语.docx

1、英语A small and impoverished Jewish community remained primarily in Safed and in Galilee.In conformity with Roman custom, Jerusalem was then “ploughed up with a yoke of oxen,”political consolidation under Jewish rule was attained following Emperor Constantines conversion to Christianity (313) and the

2、founding of the Byzantine Empirewho were still inspired by messianic hopes of deliverancethe Jews were granted the administration of JerusalemSubsequently, the Byzantine army reentered the city (629) and again expelled its Jewish population.masada is where a group of Jewish Zealots sought refuge and

3、 held out against a Roman siege for seven monthsThis heroic stand and the Zealots valiant deiance of the Romans is remembered in the oath made by Israeli army recruits that “Masada shall not fall again.”where the prophet Muhammad was believed to have ascended to heaven.At the outset of Islamic rule,

4、 Jewish settlement in Jerusalem was resumed, and the Jewish community was granted permission to live under “protection,”the introduction of restrictions against non-Muslims in 717 affected the Jews public conduct, religious observances, and legal status,Most of the citys non-Christian inhabitants we

5、re massacred;the Jews were again accorded a certain measure of freedom,the town had become a thriving textile center as well as the focus of intense intellectual activity.much of the land was owned by absentee landlords and leased to impoverished tenant farmers. Taxation was crippling and capricious

6、. Others sought to escape the pogroms (organized massacres) prevalent in RussiaNineteenth-century western Europe provided some opportunities for Jews to move from the ghettos and be assimilated, or incorporated, into general society.Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. Alexander III instituted opp

7、ressive policies. they sought refuge in the idea of reconstituting a Jewish statebut a secular and socialist one.he observed the trial of Captain Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland Alfred Dreyfus and was affected by the false accusations of “traitor” leveled against the French Jewish army officer a

8、nd by the episodes of anti-Semitism that accompanied the trial and the disgrace of Dreyfus. the response to centuries of discrimination, persecution, and oppression. The very name of Palestine would attract our people with a force of marvelous potency” On August 23, 1897, in Basel, Switzerland, Herz

9、l convened the first World Zionist Congress,Herzl negotiated for land with a number of world leadersZionism was seen as a secular (and socialist) movement that contradicted Jewish belief and tradition.sustaining a central sense of devotion and Jewish ritual observance.The war provided an opportunity

10、 for substantial political maneuvering by the great powers seeking enhanced positions in the region as well as by indigenous peoples and leaders. developed schemes for the division of the territories of the defeated Ottoman Empire after the wars end.this would facilitate the Allied war effort agains

11、t its adversaries.In an exchange of correspondence between Hussein and the British high commissioner in Egypt, Although the British excluded that area from Husseins proposed domain, McMahons remarks left this pledge somewhat ambiguous during the hostilities so as to ensure Arab support against the O

12、ttomans.The ambiguity allowed for numerous and various interpretations.U.S. president Woodrow Wilson personally endorsed the declaration and the U.S. Congress, in 1922, unanimously approved a joint resolution supporting the Balfour Declaration.I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of H

13、is Majestys Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:began his career as a faculty member in biochemistry at the Universitywas instrumental in securing the Balfour Declaration.Weizmann headed the Zioni

14、st delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. he addressed the United Nations General Assembly to plead for the establishment of a Jewish state. Weizmann became president of Israels provisional government in May 1948, Included in the British army were three battalions of the Jewish legion, consisting

15、 of thousands of Jewish volunteers. An armistice was concluded with Turkey on October 31, 1918, and all of Palestine came under British military control.incurred the displeasure of both partiesInstead of making the decision soon after the cessation of hostilities, the British effectively postponed i

16、t and instead took upon themselves to retain control of Palestine. administrative and political framework The history of the modern Jewish state, from an administrative and bureaucratic perspective, begins with the creation of the mandate.thousands of highly committed and well-trained socialist Zion

17、ists Arms were smuggled to the HaganahThe Haganah guarded settlements, manufactured armswhich eventually became the basis for the foreign ministry and other agencies with diplomatic missions outside Israel and for the functions relating to immigrants and liaison with the Jewish Diaspora.Ben-Gurion w

18、as convinced that the Revisionists and their more militant stance were endangering the drive toward eventual statehood and sought to undermine and discredit Revisionism. Ben-Gurion intensiied these efforts. the Jewish Agencys executive committeedramatize the significance of pioneering and reclaiming

19、 the desert.he and some followers contested the electionideological and tactical differences between the NZO and the WZO had diminished,Successive waves of Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine the waters of the Jordan River were harnessed for the production of electric powerthe Dead Seas mineral p

20、otential was tapped. Galleries and halls were set up to provide venues for exhibitions and performances. British government issue a clear statement of policy on the meanings of the mandate provisions reached no deinitive policy. In November 1935, the Arabs in Palestine petitioned the British authori

21、ties to halt land transfers to the Jews, to terminate further Jewish immigration until there was an evaluation of the absorptive capacity of the country. Hebrew represents the only instance of a language successfully revived as a spoken language after it had ceased to be spoken.The immediate result

22、was a spectacular development of Hebrew literaturea vigorous literature developed.However, Britain would not renounce its obligationsAnger and protest from both the Arabs and the Zionists ensued.Britain endorsed the Peel plan.a new and more violent phase of the Arab revolt began.the Peel Commissions

23、 proposals were not feasible,it would leave a large Arab minority within the boundariesthis solution of the problem is impracticable.that called for severe restrictions on Jewish immigrationbreach of faith.As the Nazi armies swept through Europe, Jews were persecuted, subjected to pain and humiliati

24、on, and herded into ghettos.murdered in mass shootings or in gas chambers.The Jewish Brigade and Palmach veterans would later constitute the core of the IDF officer corps.destroyed by a bombing committedthe armed wing of the Revisionist movement. In 1937, an agreement with the Haganah for the merger

25、 of the two defense bodies led to a split in Etzel in April 1937.resulted in a large number of Arab civilian casualties.which consequently went up in lames off Tel Aviv.The practical and humanitarian problems were faced by U.S. military forces confronting large numbers of displaced European JewsTrum

26、an suggested the need to open the gates to Palestine for displaced Jews seeking refuge.an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, composed of representatives appointed by their respective governments, Among the recommendations was the immediate issuing of 100,000 immigration certiicates for Palestine t

27、o Jewish victims of Nazi and Fascist persecution.Faced with continued British opposition, the yishuv decided to commence illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.The enormous drain on human and economic resources the crucial decision was takenAs part of the Zionist lobbying effort,in deiance of the B

28、ritish authorities. Media coverage of the struggle further galvanized international criticism of Great Britains policies. the city was deemed too holy to be accorded to either. resolution has destroyed the Charter and all the convenants preceding it.the pressure exerted on various representatives of

29、 this Organisationthe Government of Saudi Arabia registers, on this historic occasion,Furthermore, it reserves to itself the full right to act freely in whatever way it deems fit, in accordance with the principles of right and justice. These clashing perspectives provided a basis for the ongoing Ara

30、b-Israeli conlict.struggle for regional mastery.Israels declaration was greeted with jubilation among JewsHere they irst attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal signiicance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.Impelled by this historic and traditional atta

31、chment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. confer upon the Jewish people the status of a fully-privileged member of the comity of nations.undaunted by dificulties, restrictions and dangers, and never ceased to assert their right to a life

32、 of dignity, freedom and honest toil in their national homeland.This recognition by the United Nations of the right of the Jewish people to establish their State is irrevocable.This right is the natural right of the Jewish people to be masters of their own fate, like all other nations, in their own sovereign State.WE EXTEND our hand to all neighbouring states and their peoples in an offer of peace and good neighbourliness mutual helpWE APPEA