第二节感觉与知觉Second senses and perceptions.docx

第二节感觉与知觉Second senses and perceptions.docx

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第二节感觉与知觉Secondsensesandperceptions

第二节感觉与知觉（Secondsensesandperceptions）

Secondsensesandperceptions

I.anoverviewoffeelingandperception

（I）anoverviewoffeelings

1definitions:

"Sensation"referstothehumanbrain'sresponsetotheindividualpropertiesofthingsdirectlyactingonthesensoryorgans.

Channelsofperception:

sight,hearing,smell,taste,touch,etc..

?

individualproperties:

Apple'scolor,ittaste,milktemperatureetc..

Themeaningoffeeling:

Firstofall,feelingisthebeginningofpeople'sunderstandingoftheworld,anditprovidespeoplewithinformationabouttheirinternalandexternalenvironment.

Secondly,thesenseofbalancebetweenthebodyandtheenvironmentisanimportantguaranteeformaintainingnormalmentalactivities.

Sensorydeprivationexperimentsshowthatexternalstimuliareimportantformaintainingnormalsurvival.

Thirdly,feelingisthefoundationofallhigherandmorecomplexpsychologicalphenomena.

2,thekindoffeeling

Dependingonthenatureofthestimulusandthenatureofthesensorysensationitactson,itcanbedividedinto:

（1）externalfeeling:

acceptingthestimulationoftheoutsideworld.Distantsense:

sight,hearing,closesense:

smell,taste,skinfeeling

（2）internalfeeling:

toacceptthestimulationinsidethebody（thebody'sownmovement）.（motorsense,balance,visceralsensation）

（two）anoverviewofperception

1definitions:

Perceptionisthereflectionofanobjectivethingdirectlyonthesenses,andareflectionofthewholeinthemind.

First,avarietyofeffectsonhumansenseorgansoutsideinformation,sensorystimuliforeachattributefeeling,fortheseindividualpropertiesofthesensoryinputtothebrain,thebrainprocessingofpeople,combinedwiththeanalysisofpastexperience,toidentifyandconfirmthefinalformofthewholeperceptionofthestimulus.

Samepointdifference

Thecomplexityofcognitivecontent

Sensation1isareflectionofwhatisdirectlyinvolvedinthesenseorgan.

2,aretheprimaryformofhumanunderstandingoftheworld.

Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofindividualstimuli,associatedwithasenseorgan

Theperception,experience,andattitudeofasubjectasawhole;thecoordinationofmultiplesensoryactivities

Therelationshipbetweensensationandperception

Senseandperceptionaredifferentpsychologicalprocesses,andtheyareinseparableandlinkedtogether.

Sensationisanorganicpartofperception,aprerequisiteandfoundationofperception.

Perceptionisbasedonfeeling,butitisnotasimplesumofindividualsensoryinformation.

Themoreyoufeelaboutthings,themoreaccuratetheybecome,themorecomprehensiveandcorrectyouwillbecome.

2.Typesofperception

（1）thesensorycharacteristicsthatplayadominantroleinperception:

Visualperception,auditoryperception,tactilesensation,olfactoryperception,tasteperception

（2）accordingtothecharacteristicsofthehumanbrain:

2.1spatialperception

Spatialperceptionisman'sunderstandingofthespatialrelationshipsofobjectsintheworld.Itincludesshapeperception,OokoChi,depthanddistanceperception,orientation,andsoon.

2.1.1shapeperception

Shapeperceptionistheperceptualcapacitysharedbyhumansandanimals.Humanbeingshaveuniqueshapeperceptionabilities,suchastheabilitytorecognizetext,theabilitytodistinguishbetweenvariouskindsoflaborproductsandvariouscomplexsocialexpressions.Theformationofshapeperceptionistheresultofmultipleperceptualactivities.

Thefunctionofanoutline:

theoutlineistheboundarybetweenthefigureandthebackground

Ontheotherhand,ifwedestroytheoutlineorinsertagraphinanothermorecomplexfigure,theoutlineoftheformerwilldisappear,whichwilldestroytheperceptionoftheshapeoftheobject.

Subjectivecontour:

whenthereisnogradientchangeofstimulusobjectively,peoplecanseecontoursinahomogeneousview,whichiscalledsubjectivecontourorillusoryoutline.

GestaltPsychology:

theorganizingprincipleofGraphs

1proximity:

whenotherconditionsarethesame,thepartsthatareclosetoeachotherinspaceareeasytoformintofigures.

2.Similarity:

similarcomponentsinvisualfieldareeasytoformfigures.

3symmetry:

invisualfield,symmetricalpartsareeasytoformfigures.

4,goodcontinuity:

5,commonfate:

6,closed:

closedlinesegmentsinthefieldofvision,easytoformgraphics.

2.1.

2sizeperception

Sizedistanceinvarianthypothesis:

thesizeoftheretinalprojectionisproportionaltothesizeoftheobject,andinverselyproportionaltothedistance.

Theeffectoffamiliarityofobjectsontheperceptionofsize

Ineverydaylife,thesizeofmanyobjectsisfamiliartopeople.Whenthedistanceoftheobjectchanges,thesizeoftheprojectionoftheretinachanges,butthefamiliarsizemakesitpossibleforpeopletoperceivetheactualsizeoftheobjectmoreaccurately.

Sizecontrastofadjacentobjects

Bodychangesandsizeperception

Thenormalrelationshipbetweenbodypostureandenvironmentisanimportantconditionformaintainingsizeconstancy.Whentheobserver'sbodyposturechanges,thesize,perception,constancywillbeaffected.

2.1.3depthperceptionanddistanceperception

2.1.3.1physiologicalcues

Alsoknownasmuscleclues,thehumaneyeinwatchingdifferentdistanceobjects,therewillbeaseriesofchangesandadjustments,andsoon,itismeaningfulforpeopletodistinguishthedistanceofobjects.

（1）Regulation:

Referstotheshapeofthelens（QuDu）duetothedistancechange.Ithaslittleeffectonresolvingdepthanddistance.Onlyintherangeof1-2meterseffectively,butalsonotveryprecise.Botheyeshaveeyes.

（2）complement:

Referstothegazeobjectbinocularvisualaxisconvergencetrend.Itcanbeexpressedbytheauxiliaryangle.Dependingonthesizeoftheprostheticangle,onecanalsoobtainthedistanceinformation.It'sthefunctionoftheeye.

Regulationplaysonlyasmallroleindepthperception,andtheeffectofattachmentisgreater.Thereareindividualdifferencesintheabilitytousethisphysiologicalcue.

2.1.3.2singleeyeliner

Asingleeyelinerisadepthcuethatcanbefeltwithoneeye.Include：

1,objectocclusion:

objectocclusionisanimportantconditiontojudgetherelationshipbetweenobjects.Ifapartofanobjectcoversanotherobject,thenthecoveredobjectisperceivedasfaraway.

2,lineperspective:

twoparallellinesextendingtowardthedistanceseemtobeapproaching,thatis,lineperspective.

3,structuredifference:

alsocalledtexturegradient,referstothevisualfieldoftheobjectintheretinaprojectionsizeandprojectiondensity,thereisalevelchange.

4,motionparallax:

whenobserversandobjectsinthesurroundingenvironmentrelativemotion,thedistancebetweendifferentobjectsinthemovementspeedanddirectionofmovementwillbedifferent.Generallyspeaking,nearbyobjectsmoverapidlyandinoppositedirections;distantobjectsmoveslowlyandinthesamedirection.

5,airperspective:

distantobjectsappearblurred,detailsasnearobjectsclear.

6,relativeheight:

whenotherconditionsareequal,therelativepositionofthetwoobjectsinthefieldofviewishigher,whichseemsfaraway.

2.1.3.3binocularcues

Because?

About6cmmeshspacingbetweenhumaneyes,sowhenobservednearobjects,twovideoobjectsareslightlydifferent,thelefteyetoseeobjectsleftsomemore,seemoreobjectsontherighteye.

Thedifferenceintheretinalimagebetweenthetwoeyesiscalledbinocularparallax

2.1.4azimuthorientation

Orientationreferstotheperceptionofthespatialrelationship,location,andlocationofthebodyitself.

Orientationistheresultofvarioussensorycooperativeactivities.Differentspeciesarenotidenticalintheirsenseoforientation.

2.2timeperception

Timeperceptionisthecontinuityandsequentialperceptionofthings.

Specificperformance:

thetimetodistinguish,confirmthetime,thedurationoftheassessment,thepredictionoftime

Themediumofperceptionoftime:

naturalperiodicphenomena,organicsegmentalmovements,andtimekeepingtools.

Factorsaffectingtimeperception:

Thenatureofthesensorypathway

Theaccuracyoftheauditoryjudgmenttimeisthebest,thesecondisthesenseoftouch,theworseisthevisualperception.

Thequantityandnatureofaneventoccurringwithinagivenperiodoftime

Inagivenperiodoftime,themorethenumberofevents,themorecomplexthenature,peopletendtoestimatethetimeisshorter;andthenumberofeventsissmall,simplenature,tendtoestimatethetimelonger.

Ifaclassisrichandinteresting,feelthetimepassedquickly;ontheotherhand,thiscourseisveryboringboring,itislongsuffering,feeltheendlessseaoftribulations.

Humanemotionsandattitudes

Whenpeopleareinterestedinthemselves,theyfeelthattimepassesquicklyandthereisalackoftimeestimation.Onthecontrary,theaversiontothingsthatmatter,willfeelthetimeistooslow,theoverestimationoftime.

Whenyouexpectsomething,timepassesslowly.Onthecontrary,thethingsthatdonotappear,willfeelthetimepassesquickly.

2.3motionperception

Themotioncharacteristicofanobjectdirectlyactsonthehumanbrainandisperceivedbypeople,thatis,motionperception.

2.3.1truemotionperception

Atruemotionisacontinuousdisplacementofabodyfromoneplacetoanotheratagivenspeedoracceleration.Theresultingperceptionistheperceptionoftruemovement.

2.3.2quasimotionperception

Quasimotionreferstothemovementofobjectsbetweenstationaryobjectsinacertaintimeandspace,oracontinuousmovementintheabse