第二节感觉与知觉Second senses and perceptions.docx

1、第二节感觉与知觉Second senses and perceptions第二节感觉与知觉（Second senses and perceptions）Second senses and perceptionsI. an overview of feeling and perception(I) an overview of feelings1 definitions:Sensation refers to the human brains response to the individual properties of things directly acting on the sensor

2、y organs.Channels of perception: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.? individual properties: Apples color, it taste, milk temperature etc.The meaning of feeling:First of all, feeling is the beginning of peoples understanding of the world, and it provides people with information about their int

3、ernal and external environment.Secondly, the sense of balance between the body and the environment is an important guarantee for maintaining normal mental activities.Sensory deprivation experiments show that external stimuli are important for maintaining normal survival.Thirdly, feeling is the found

4、ation of all higher and more complex psychological phenomena.2, the kind of feelingDepending on the nature of the stimulus and the nature of the sensory sensation it acts on, it can be divided into:(1) external feeling: accepting the stimulation of the outside world. Distant sense: sight, hearing, c

5、lose sense: smell, taste, skin feeling(2) internal feeling: to accept the stimulation inside the body (the bodys own movement). (motor sense, balance, visceral sensation)(two) an overview of perception1 definitions:Perception is the reflection of an objective thing directly on the senses, and a refl

6、ection of the whole in the mind.First, a variety of effects on human sense organs outside information, sensory stimuli for each attribute feeling, for these individual properties of the sensory input to the brain, the brain processing of people, combined with the analysis of past experience, to iden

7、tify and confirm the final form of the whole perception of the stimulus.Same point differenceThe complexity of cognitive contentSensation 1 is a reflection of what is directly involved in the sense organ.2, are the primary form of human understanding of the world.The physical and chemical properties

8、 of individual stimuli, associated with a sense organThe perception, experience, and attitude of a subject as a whole; the coordination of multiple sensory activitiesThe relationship between sensation and perceptionSense and perception are different psychological processes, and they are inseparable

9、and linked together.Sensation is an organic part of perception, a prerequisite and foundation of perception.Perception is based on feeling, but it is not a simple sum of individual sensory information.The more you feel about things, the more accurate they become, the more comprehensive and correct y

10、ou will become.2. Types of perception(1) the sensory characteristics that play a dominant role in perception:Visual perception, auditory perception, tactile sensation, olfactory perception, taste perception(2) according to the characteristics of the human brain:2.1 spatial perceptionSpatial percepti

11、on is mans understanding of the spatial relationships of objects in the world. It includes shape perception, Ooko Chi, depth and distance perception, orientation, and so on.2.1.1 shape perceptionShape perception is the perceptual capacity shared by humans and animals. Human beings have unique shape

12、perception abilities, such as the ability to recognize text, the ability to distinguish between various kinds of labor products and various complex social expressions. The formation of shape perception is the result of multiple perceptual activities.The function of an outline: the outline is the bou

13、ndary between the figure and the backgroundOn the other hand, if we destroy the outline or insert a graph in another more complex figure, the outline of the former will disappear, which will destroy the perception of the shape of the object.Subjective contour: when there is no gradient change of sti

14、mulus objectively, people can see contours in a homogeneous view, which is called subjective contour or illusory outline.Gestalt Psychology: the organizing principle of Graphs1 proximity: when other conditions are the same, the parts that are close to each other in space are easy to form into figure

15、s.2. Similarity: similar components in visual field are easy to form figures.3 symmetry: in visual field, symmetrical parts are easy to form figures.4, good continuity:5, common fate:6, closed: closed line segments in the field of vision, easy to form graphics.2.1.2 size perceptionSize distance inva

16、riant hypothesis: the size of the retinal projection is proportional to the size of the object, and inversely proportional to the distance.The effect of familiarity of objects on the perception of sizeIn everyday life, the size of many objects is familiar to people. When the distance of the object c

17、hanges, the size of the projection of the retina changes, but the familiar size makes it possible for people to perceive the actual size of the object more accurately.Size contrast of adjacent objectsBody changes and size perceptionThe normal relationship between body posture and environment is an i

18、mportant condition for maintaining size constancy. When the observers body posture changes, the size, perception, constancy will be affected.2.1.3 depth perception and distance perception2.1.3.1 physiological cuesAlso known as muscle clues, the human eye in watching different distance objects, there

19、 will be a series of changes and adjustments, and so on, it is meaningful for people to distinguish the distance of objects.(1) Regulation:Refers to the shape of the lens (Qu Du) due to the distance change. It has little effect on resolving depth and distance. Only in the range of 1-2 meters effecti

20、vely, but also not very precise. Both eyes have eyes.(2) complement:Refers to the gaze object binocular visual axis convergence trend. It can be expressed by the auxiliary angle. Depending on the size of the prosthetic angle, one can also obtain the distance information. Its the function of the eye.

21、Regulation plays only a small role in depth perception, and the effect of attachment is greater. There are individual differences in the ability to use this physiological cue.2.1.3.2 single eye linerA single eye liner is a depth cue that can be felt with one eye. Include：1, object occlusion: object

22、occlusion is an important condition to judge the relationship between objects. If a part of an object covers another object, then the covered object is perceived as far away.2, line perspective: two parallel lines extending toward the distance seem to be approaching, that is, line perspective.3, str

23、ucture difference: also called texture gradient, refers to the visual field of the object in the retina projection size and projection density, there is a level change.4, motion parallax: when observers and objects in the surrounding environment relative motion, the distance between different object

24、s in the movement speed and direction of movement will be different. Generally speaking, nearby objects move rapidly and in opposite directions; distant objects move slowly and in the same direction.5, air perspective: distant objects appear blurred, details as near objects clear.6, relative height:

25、 when other conditions are equal, the relative position of the two objects in the field of view is higher, which seems far away.2.1.3.3 binocular cuesBecause? About 6cm mesh spacing between human eyes, so when observed near objects, two video objects are slightly different, the left eye to see objec

26、ts left some more, see more objects on the right eye.The difference in the retinal image between the two eyes is called binocular parallax2.1.4 azimuth orientationOrientation refers to the perception of the spatial relationship, location, and location of the body itself.Orientation is the result of

27、various sensory cooperative activities. Different species are not identical in their sense of orientation.2.2 time perceptionTime perception is the continuity and sequential perception of things.Specific performance: the time to distinguish, confirm the time, the duration of the assessment, the pred

28、iction of timeThe medium of perception of time: natural periodic phenomena, organic segmental movements, and timekeeping tools.Factors affecting time perception:The nature of the sensory pathwayThe accuracy of the auditory judgment time is the best, the second is the sense of touch, the worse is the

29、 visual perception.The quantity and nature of an event occurring within a given period of timeIn a given period of time, the more the number of events, the more complex the nature, people tend to estimate the time is shorter; and the number of events is small, simple nature, tend to estimate the tim

30、e longer.If a class is rich and interesting, feel the time passed quickly; on the other hand, this course is very boring boring, it is long suffering, feel the endless sea of tribulations.Human emotions and attitudesWhen people are interested in themselves, they feel that time passes quickly and the

31、re is a lack of time estimation. On the contrary, the aversion to things that matter, will feel the time is too slow, the overestimation of time.When you expect something, time passes slowly. On the contrary, the things that do not appear, will feel the time passes quickly.2.3 motion perceptionThe m

32、otion characteristic of an object directly acts on the human brain and is perceived by people, that is, motion perception.2.3.1 true motion perceptionA true motion is a continuous displacement of a body from one place to another at a given speed or acceleration. The resulting perception is the perception of true movement.2.3.2 quasi motion perceptionQuasi motion refers to the movement of objects between stationary objects in a certain time and space, or a continuous movement in the abse