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《研究生英语精读教程》（第三版下）

中国人民大学出版社

UnitThree

EvolutionandNaturalSelection

1.Text

2.Exercise

3.SupplementaryReading

EvolutionandNaturalSelection

W.C.Dampier①

evolution※n.（thescientificideaof）thedevelopmentofthevarioustypesofplants,animals,etc,fromfewerandsimplerforms进化，演化

speculation△n.（anexampleof）reasoninglightlyorwithoutallthefacts思索；沉思；推测

［1］Theideaofevolution*wasknowntosomeoftheGreekphilosophers.BythetimeofAristotle①,speculation*hadsuggestedthatmoreperfecttypeshadnotonlyfollowedlessperfectonesbutactuallyhaddevelopedfromthem.

Butallthiswasguessing;norealevidencewasforthcoming*.When,inmoderntimes,theideaofevolutionwasrevived*,itappearedinthewritingsofthephilosophers–Bacon①,Descartes②,Leibniz③andKant④.

forthcomingadj.（oftenwithneg.）ready;supplied;offeredwhenneeded;happeningorappearinginthenearfuture现有的；即将到来的

revive※v.tobringorcomebackintouseorexistence.（使）复兴；（使）再流行

HerbertSpencer①waspreaching*afullevolutionarydoctrine*intheyearsjustbeforeDarwin's②bookwaspublished,whilemostnaturalistswouldhavenoneofit.

preach△v.toadviseorurgeotherstoaccept（athingorcourseofbehaviorthatonebelievesin）鼓吹，宣讲，说教

doctrine※n.aprinciple,esp.religious,orthewholebodyofprinciplesinabranchofknowledgeorsystemofbelief教义，主义，学说

Neverthelessafewbiologistsrancountertotheprevailing*view,andpointedtosuchfactsastheessentialunityofstructureinallwarm-bloodedanimals.

prevailingadj.mostcommonorgeneral（insomeplaceoratsometime）流行的，通行的，盛行的，普遍的

［2］ThefirstcompletetheorywasthatofLamarck①（1744～1829）,whothoughtthatmodifications*duetoenvironment,ifconstantandlasting,wouldbeinheritedandproduceanewtype.

modification※n.achangemadeinsth.更改，改变

Thoughnoevidenceforsuchinheritancewasavailable,thetheorygaveaworkinghypothesis*fornaturaliststouse,andmanyofthesocialandphilanthropic*effortsofthenineteenthcenturywereframedonthetacit*assumptionthatacquiredimprovementswouldbeinherited.

hypothesis※n.anideawhichisthoughtsuitabletoexplainthefactsaboutsth.假设，假说

philanthropicadj.oforshowingphilanthropy—afeelingofkindnessandloveforallpeople;humanitarian慈善的

tacitadj.expressedorunderstoodwithoutbeingputintowords;缄默的，默认的，心照不宣的，不言而喻的

［3］ButthemanwhosebookgavebothDarwinandWallacethecluewastheReverend*RobertMalthus①（1766～1834）,sometimecurate*ofAlburyinSurrey.

reverendadj.usedasatitleandformofaddressforcertainclericsinmanyChristianchurches（对牧师的尊称，前面与the连用）尊敬的

curaten.apriestofthelowestrankappointedtohelpthepriestofaparish副牧师

TheEnglishpeoplewereincreasingrapidly,andMalthusarguedthatthehumanracetendstooutrunitsmeansofsubsistence*unlesstheredundant*individualsareeliminated.Thismaynotalwaysbetrue,butDarwinwrites:

subsistence△n.means（asoffoodandshelter）necessarytosupportlife;asourceormeansofobtainingthenecessitiesoflife生存；生计；生活费；生活维持费

redundant※adj.notneeded;morethannecessary过多的，过剩的，多余的

［4］InOctober1838,IhappenedtoreadforamusementMalthusonPopulation,andbeingwellpreparedtoappreciatethestruggleforexistencewhicheverywheregoeson,fromlongcontinuedobservationofthehabitsofanimalsandplants,

itatoncestruck*methat,underthesecircumstances,favorablevariations*wouldtendtobepreserved,andunfavorableonestobedestroyed.Theresultofthiswouldbetheformationofnewspecies.HerethenIhadatheorybywhichtowork.

strikev.tocomesuddenlytothemindof突然想到

variationn.（anexampleof）changefromwhatisusualintheformofagrouporkindoflivingthings,suchasanimals变异，变种，变化

［5］Darwinspenttwentyyearscollectingcountlessfactsandmakingexperimentsonbreeding*andvariationinplantsandanimals.By1844hehadconvincedhimselfthatspeciesarenotimmutable*,butworkedontogetfurtherevidence.

breedingn.theproducingofyoungbyanimals,birds,orfish（orplants）;theproducingofsuchthroughman’sefforts生育，繁殖；育种，养殖

immutableadj.unchangeable不可改变的，永远不变的

On18June1858hereceivedfromAlfredRussellWallaceapaperwritteninTernate,inthespaceofthreedaysafterreadingMalthus'sbook.DarwinsawatoncethatWallacehadhitupontheessenceofhisowntheory.

Lyell①andHooker②arrangedwiththeLinnaean③SocietytoreadonJuly1st1858Wallace'spapertogetherwithaletterfromDarwinandanabstract*ofhistheorywrittenin1844.ThenDarwinwroteoutanaccountofhislabors,andon24thNovember1859publishedhisgreatbookTheOriginofSpecies.

abstractn.ashortenedformofastatement,speech,etc.摘要，概括

［6］Inanyraceofplantsoranimals,theindividualsdifferfromeachotherininnate*qualities.Darwinofferednoexplanationofthesevariations,butmerelyacceptedtheirexistence.

innateadj.（ofqualities）whichsb.wasbornwith天生的，内在的

Whenthepressureofnumbersorthecompetitionformates*isgreat,anyvariationinstructurewhichisofuseinthestrugglehas"survivalvalue"andgivesitspossessoranimprovedchanceofprolonginglifeandleavingoffspring.

maten.oneofamale-femalepair,usu.ofanimals配偶

Thatvariationthereforetendstospreadthroughtheracebytheeliminationofthosewhodonotpossessit,andanewvarietyorevenspeciesmaybeestablished.AsHuxleysaid,thisideawaswhollyunknowntill1858.Huxley①saidthebookwaslikeaflashoflightninginthedarkness.Hewrote:

Itdidtheimmenseserviceoffreeingusfromthedilemma-RefusetoaccepttheCreationhypothesis,andwhathaveyoutoproposethatcanbeacceptedbyanycautiousreasoner?

In1857Ihadnoanswerready,andIdonotthinkanyoneelsehad.

dilemma※n.adifficultchoicetobemadebetweentwocoursesofaction,bothundesirable窘境，困境，进退两难（的处境）

Ayearlaterwereproached*ourselveswithdullnessforbeingperplexed*withsuchanenquiry.Myreflection*whenIfirstmademyselfmasterofthecentralideaoftheOriginwas

"Howextremelystupidnottohavethoughtofthat!

"

reproachv.toblame（sb.）,notangrilybutsadly责备，申斥

perplex※v.tocausetofeelconfusedandtroubledbybeingdifficulttounderstandoranswer使困惑；使复杂化

reflectionn.deepandcarefulthought思考，沉思，想法，反思

［7］Thehypothesisofnaturalselectionmaynotbeacompleteexplanation,butitledtoagreaterthingthanitself-anacceptanceofthetheoryoforganic*evolution,whichtheyearshavebutconfirmed.Yetatfirstsomenaturalistsjoinedtheopposition.

organicadj.oflivingthingsorthesubstancesrelatedtothem有机的

Tothemany,whowereunabletojudgethebiologicalevidence,theeffectofthetheoryofevolutionseemedincredibleaswellasdevastating*,toruncountertocommonsenseandtooverwhelm*allphilosophicandreligiouslandmarks.

devastatingadj.completelydestructive破坏的，压倒的

overwhelm※v.ofpeople）bymuchgreaterforceofnumbers;（offeelings）toovercomecompletelyandusu.suddenly制服，压倒；使不知所措

Eveneducatedman,choosingbetweentheBookofGenesisandtheOriginofSpecies,proclaimed*withDisraeli①thathewas"onthesideoftheAngels".

proclaimv.make（esp.sth.ofnationalimportance）knownpublicly;declareofficially宣告，宣布，声明

［8］Darwinhimselftookamodestview.Whilethinkingthatnaturalselectionwasthechiefcauseofevolution,hedidnotexcludeLamarck'sideathatcharactersacquiredbylonguseordisusemightbeinherited,thoughnoevidenceseemedtobeforthcoming.

Butabout1890Weismann①drewasharpdistinctionbetweenthebody（orsoma）andthegermcellswhichitcontains.Somaticcellscanonlyreproducecellslikethemselves,butgerm*cellsgiverisenotonlytothegermcellsofanewindividualbuttoallthemanytypesofcellinhisbody.

germn.averysmalllivingthingwhichcannotbeseenbutmayliveonfoodordirtorinthebody,socausingdisease微生物；细菌

Germcellsdescendfromgermcellsinapurelineofgermplasm，butsomaticcellstracetheirorigintogermcells.Fromthispointofview,thebodyofeachindividualisanunimportantby-productofhisparents‘germcells.

plasmn.geneticmaterialofacell原生质

Thebodydies,leavingnooffspring,butthegermplasmsshowanunbrokencontinuity.Theproductsofthegermcellsarenotlikelytobeaffectedbychangesinthebody.SoWeismann'sdoctrineofferedanexplanationoftheapparentnoninheritanceofacquiredcharacters.

［9］ThesupportersofpureDarwinismcametoregardtheminutevariationsasenoughtoexplainnaturalselectionandnaturalselectionenoughtoexplainevolution.

minuteadj.verysmall,insizeordegree微小的，不足道的

Butanimalbreedersandhorticulturists*knewthatsuddenlargemutations*occur,especiallyaftercrossing,andthatnewvarietiesmightbeestablishedatonce.Thenin1900forgottenworkbyMendel①wasrediscoveredandanewchapteropened.

horticulturistn.apersonwhostudiesthescienceofgrowingfruit,flowers,andvegetables园艺家

mutationn.theactionofchangeinthecellsofalivingthingproducinganewqualityinthematerialorpartsofthebody,sometimescausingillness突变，变种

［10］In1869Darwin'scousin,FrancisGalton①,appliedtheseprinciplestomentalqualities.Bysearchingbooksofreference,Galtonexaminedtheinheritanceofability.

Forinstance,hefoundthatthechanceofthesonofajudgeshowinggreatabilitywasabout500timesashighasthatofamantakenatrandom,andforthejudge'sfatheritwasnearlyasmuch.Whilenopredictioncanbemadeaboutindividuals,ontheaverageoflargenumbers,theinheritanceofabilityiscertain.

32

Exercise

Ⅰ.Comprehension

Ⅱ.Vocabulary

Ⅲ.Cl