自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理.docx

自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理.docx

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自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理

词汇学简答等20140405

COintroduction

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichisbothatheoreticalandpracticalcourse.

Therearegenerallytwoapproachestothestudyofwords,namelyand•

synchronic,diachronic

ClBasicConceptsofWordandVocabulary

word

Awordisaminimaltreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

Whatistherelationsmpbetweensoundandmeaning

Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.Eg.DogmeansgouinCninese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesoundraitcanmeanright,rite,andwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,themhavethesamesound.

Whydomoreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweensoundandform?

WhyisEnglishsoundanimperfectrepresentationofthespokenform?

•Englishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

•Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.

•Borrowingofforeignlanguage.

•Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.

•Printingfreezesthespellingofwordswhilesoundcontinuestochangeasusual.

Vocabulary

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,allthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,andallthewordsofagivendialectandsoon.

By_,wordscanbeclassifiedinto•

byusefrequency,basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary;bynotion,contentwordsandfunctionalwords;byorigin,nativewordsandborrowedwords.

thebasicwordstock

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesand

formsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.

Whatisthecharacterofbasicwordstock?

•Allnationalcharacter.Thebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus.

•Stability,theyarelikelytoremainrelativelyunchanged.

•Productivity,theyaremostlyrootwords,meanstheycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

•Polysemy,theyoftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.

•Collocability,manyofthemhavemanysetexpressions,proverbialsayingsandsoon.Eg,heart,aheartofgold,learnbyheart.

terminology

Terminologyistechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmusic,

symphony.

jargon

Jargonisthespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvesasinbusiness,bottomlineforunavoidableresult.

slang

Slangisthesub-standardlanguage,whichseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikejargonandargot,eg.Doughandbreadmeansmoney-argot

Argotisthejargonofcriminals.Onlythesub-culturalgroupsuseit,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,eg,Persuadermeansdagger.

dialectalwords

Dialectalwordsiswordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion,eg.BeautyinAustraliameansexcellent.

archaisms

Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Eg,brethrenmeansbrother.

neologisms

Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Eg,internet.

functionalwords

Functionalwords,alsocalledemptywords,formwords,donothavenotionsoftheirown.Theirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweenwordsorbetweensentences.Prepositions,conjunctionsbelongtoit.Eg,on,to.

Whatarethefeaturesofnativewords?

7

Theyareinbasicwordstock.

Theyareneutralinstyle.

Theyarefrequentinuse.

borrowings

Wecanclassifiedtheborrowedwordsintofourclassesaccordingto•

thedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing.

Thefourclassesofborrowingsare.

denizens,aliens,translation-loans,semantic-loans.

denizens

DenizensiswordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.Eg.Pork.

aliens

Aliensareborrowingswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Eg,decor.

translation-loans

Translation-loansiswordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Eg.MothertonguefromLatin.

semantic-loans

Semantic-loansiswordsnotborrowwithreferencetotheform,butborrowtheirmeanings.Eg,themodernmeaningofdreamborrowedfromNorse.

C2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyThreemainperiodinEnglishhistory

OldEnglish,Anglo-Saxon;MiddleEnglish,1150-1500;ModernEnglish.

IfwesaythatOldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.

ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage（OldEnglish）tothepresentanalyticlanguage.

Threemainsourcesofnewwordsofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary

（1）therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology；

（2）social,economicandpoliticalchanges；

（3）theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.

modesofvocabularydevelopmentinEnglishhistory

creation,semanticchange,borrowing,revivingarchaic.

C3WordFormationP208树状图morpheme

Morphemeistheminimalmeaningfulunitinwordformation.

Structurally,amorphemeistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

monomorphemicwords

monomorphemicwordsisthemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence,eg,bird,tree,green.

allomorphs

Allomorphsismorphemesrealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword,eg,incats/s/,inbags/z/.

freemorphemes

freemorphemes,alsocalledfreeroot,isthemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningand

canbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,eg.cat,walk.

boundmorphemes

BoundmorphemesisMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords,eg,recollection=re+collect+ion.

boundroot

Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaninglikeafreeroot,butitisboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords,

affixes

Affixesisformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.

Thedifferencebetweeninflectionaffixesandderivationalaffixesinflectionalaffixes

Inflectionalaffixes,alsocalledinflectionalmorphemes,isaffixeswhichattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional

derivationalaffixes

Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords,root

Arootisthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,eg,international,therootisnation.

stem

Astemisaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeaddedinwordformation.

P44—个词，拆分分析。

如individualistic,undesirable.

C4wordformationpart2

ThemajorprocessesofwordformationinpresentEnglish

affixation,compoundingandconversion.

Thedifferencebetweenaffixationandprefixationaffixation

Affixation,alsocalledderivation,isawaytoaddword-formingorderivationalaffixestostemsinwordformation.

Thewordsformedbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostemsarecalledderivatives.

prefixation

Prefixationisawaytoaddprefixestostemsinwordformation.Itdoesnotchangetheword-classofthestembutchangeitsmeaning.

suffixation

Suffixationisawaytosuffixestostemsinwordformation,andthesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass.

compounding

Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,isawaytojointwoormorestemsinwordformation.Compoundisproducedinthisway.

compound

Acompoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.

!

WhatarethecharacteristicsofCompounds,orwhatarethedifferencesbetweencompoundandfreephrases?

1Phoneticfeatures

Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirst

elementwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallystressedifthereisonlyonestress.

2Semanticfeatures

Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesinsemanticunity.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.

3Grammaticalfeatures

Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.

Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesinunit.

答案：

semantic

Verocompoundsarecreatedeitherthrough.

答案:

conversionorbackformation

conversion

Conversion,alsocalledzero-derivationorfunctionalshift,isawaytoconvertwordsofoneclasstoanotherclassinwordformation.

fullconversion,partialconversionP58201104应用，201204简答

Whatisthedifferencesbetweenpartialandfullconversion?

Explainthemwithexamples.Commentonthefollowinggroupstoillustratethedifferencesbetweenpartialandfullconversion.

Group1,white-awhite,final-finals

Group2,rich-therich,wounded-thewounded

Nounsconvertedfromadjectivescanclassiryintotwotypes,fullconversion,andpartialconversion.

Group1showsthefeatureoffullconversion-anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectiveshasallthecharacteristicsofnounsandcantakeanindefinitearticleor-（e）stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.

Forexample,'white'isanadjectiveand'awhite'isanounphrase,meaningawhiteman.’finals'indicatesfinalexams.

Group2showsthefeatureofpartialconversion-anounpartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdoesnothaveallthequalitiesanounsdoesandretainssomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Moreover,theymustbeusedwithdefinitearticles.Eg,thepoor,therich.

Forexample,'rich'isanadjectiveand'therich7istherichpeople.

blending

Blendingisawaytocomoinepartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherwordinwordforma