自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理.docx

1、自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理词汇学简答等20140405CO introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely and synchronic, diachronicCl Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal tree form of

2、 a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationsmp between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. Eg. Dog means gou in Cninese. On the other hand, th

3、e same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form? English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represe

4、nt each sound in the language. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Borrowing of foreign language. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. Printing freezes the spelling of words while sound continues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to

5、 the total number of the words in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By _, words can be classified into by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary; by notion, content words and functional words; by origin,

6、native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries andforms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock? All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things and p

7、henomena of the world around us. Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged. Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes. Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning. Collocability, many of them have many set expressions,

8、 proverbial sayings and so on. Eg, heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music,symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and profession

9、s communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidable result.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money-

10、argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only the sub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are word

11、s or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words,

12、 form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in u

13、se.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are .denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into Engli

14、sh language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg

15、. Mother tongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English Vocabulary Three main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle Eng

16、lish, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day En

17、glish vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208 树状图

18、morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic wordsmonomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.a

19、llomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning andcan be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.b

20、ound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to com

21、bine with other morphemes to make words,affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixes inflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which

22、attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words, rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, internat

23、ional, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 个词，拆分分析。如individualistic, undesirable.C4 word formation part 2The major processes of word formation in present Englishaffixation, compounding and conversion.The difference between affixatio

24、n and prefixation affixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a way to add word-forming or derivational affixes to stems in word formation.The words formed by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems are called derivatives.prefixationPrefixation is a way to add prefixes to stems in

25、word formation. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning.suffixationSuffixation is a way to suffixes to stems in word formation, and the suffixes mainly change the word poundingCompounding, also called composition, is a way to join two or more stems in word formation. Com

26、pound is produced in this poundA compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.! What are the characteristics of Compounds, or what are the differences between compound and free phrases?1 Phonetic featuresIn compounds

27、 the word stress usually occurs on the firstelement whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.2 Semantic featuresCompounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3 Grammatical

28、featuresA compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.Compounds are different from free phrases in unit.答案：semanticVero compounds are created either through .答案: conversion or back formationconversionConversion, also called zero-deriva

29、tion or functional shift, is a way to convert words of one class to another class in word formation.full conversion, partial conversion P58 201104 应用，201204 简答What is the differences between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples. Comment on the following groups to illustrate the di

30、fferences between partial and full conversion.Group 1, white - a white, final - finalsGroup 2, rich - the rich, wounded - the woundedNouns converted from adjectives can classiry into two types, full conversion, and partial conversion.Group 1 shows the feature of full conversion - a noun fully conver

31、ted from an adjectives has all the characteristics of nouns and can take an indefinite article or- (e) s to indicate singular or plural number.For example, white is an adjective and a white is a noun phrase, meaning a white man. finals indicates final exams.Group 2 shows the feature of partial conve

32、rsion - a noun partially converted from adjectives does not have all the qualities a nouns does and retains some of the adjective features. Moreover, they must be used with definite articles. Eg, the poor, the rich.For example, rich is an adjective and the rich7 is the rich people.blendingBlending is a way to comoine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word in word forma