5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.
、
and
、
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If
/
<
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<
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theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals（L/aLC）/（L*/aLW*）.Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas（1/aLC）（Pc/Pw）－1/aLW
6.Inspecificfactorsmodel（QM=QM（K,LM）;QF=QF（T,LF）;L=LM+LF）,ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice
、
、
、
、
insideHomeis
.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas
.
7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan’tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanother
SecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.
8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetween
relativeabundanceandrelativeintensity
tostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.
to罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.
toH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.
to要素价格均等化命题Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence（收敛）ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.（完整的要素价格均等化）
13.Threeassumptions（假设）crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare
（1）两个国家都生产两种产品bothcountriesproducebothgoods
（2）两国技术相同technologiesarethesame（3）存在贸易壁垒：
天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade:
naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers.
14.“.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethan.imports”isknownas里昂惕夫悖论Leontiefparadox.
RicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases（特殊情况）of标准贸易模型standardtrademodels
standardtrademodelderives（派生推导）aworldrelativesupplycurve（曲线）fromproductionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferences.
export-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline（下降）ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration（恶化）ofthetermsoftradeswapover（交换）theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowth（贫困化增长）.
18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth（贫困化增长）.
growthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep.
to“梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox”,tariffsandexportsubsidies（补贴）mighthaveperverse（有害的）effectsoninternalprice.
themodelof“Monopolistic（垄断）CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.
22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms（企业集群）maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:
specializedsupplies,labormarketpooling,knowledgespillovers（知识溢出）
patternofintraindustry（产业内）tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.
39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies（外部经济）,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedbyeconomicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantage.
24.Theindexes（指标）ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:
25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry（产业内）tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies、scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource（主要来源）ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.
argumentoftemporary（暂时的）protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargument
27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:
termsoftradegainandefficiencyloss
docountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?
——tradepolitics
thepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy（贸易政策的政治经济学）,governmentareassumedto（被假定为）maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan国家福利nationalwelfare.
fromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargument
to“Specificrule（对症规则）”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources.
32.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoodomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblems’sources;Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy.
33.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.集体行动问题Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.
WTOincludesfouraspectscontent:
GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS
35.“Nondiscriminatory”principles（非歧视性原则）includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple
preferential（优惠）tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity（必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体）
acustomsunion（关税同盟）isdesirable（可取）orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion.
policyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives（涉及两个目标）:
promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy.
39.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives:
promoting
industrializationandcopingwiththeproblemsofthedualeconomy.Correspondingly,therearetwomainargumentsfordevelopingcountriestopursuepolicyofimport-substitutingindustrialization.Thetwoargumentsaretheinfantindustryargumenttandmarketfailurejustificationforinfantindustryprotection.
40.Sophisticatedproponentsoftheinfantindustryargumenthaveidentifiedtwomarketfailuresasreasonswhyinfantindustryprotectionmaybeagoodidea:
TheimperfectcapitalmarketsjustificationandTheappropriabilityargument.
PartⅡ.TrueorFalse（trueandfalsearedenotedby“T”and“F”,respectively）
1.IfaLW*/aLC*2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegoodforwhich
/
>
/
willbeproducedinForeign.（F）
3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.（T）
convergence（长期收敛）inproductivity（生产力）produceslong-runconvergenceinwages.（T）
5.“Koreanworkersearnonly$anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$wagethatgoeswithit.”（F）
propositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified（不合格）.Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe“competitive”orthatthetradebe“fair”.（T）
7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.（F）
8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.（F）
9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.（F）
RicardianModelpredictsanextremedegree（预测一个极端的程度）ofspecialization（专业化）.（T）
RicardianModelneglects（忽略）theeffectsonincomedistribution.（T）
12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.（T）
13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexp
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