GRE阅读黄皮缺的9099真题.docx

GRE阅读黄皮缺的9099真题.docx

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GRE阅读黄皮缺的9099真题

91/02/b

SomerecenthistorianshavearguedthatlifeintheBritishcoloniesinAmericafromapproximately1763to1789wasmarkedbyinternalconflictsamongcolonists.Inheritorsofsomeoftheviewpointsofearlytwentieth-centuryProgressivehistorianssuchasBeardandBecker,theserecenthistorianshaveputforwardargumentsthatdeserveevaluation.

Thekindofconflictmostemphasizedbythesehistoriansisclassconflict.YetwiththeRevolutionaryWardominatingtheseyears,howdoesonedistinguishclassconflictwithinthatlargerconflict?

Certainlynotbythesideapersonsupported.AlthoughmanyofthesehistorianshaveacceptedtheearlierassumptionthatLoyalistsrepresentedanupperclass,newevidenceindicatesthatLoyalists,likerebels,weredrawnfromallsocioeconomicclasses.（Itisnonethelessprobablytruethatalargerpercentageofthewell-to-dojoinedtheLoyaliststhanjoinedtherebels.）Lookingattherebelside,wefindlittleevidenceforthecontentionthatlower-classrebelswereinconflictwithupper-classrebels.Indeed,thewareffortagainstBritaintendedtosuppressclassconflicts.Whereitdidnot,thedisputingrebelsofoneoranotherclassusuallybecameLoyalists.Loyalismthusoperatedasasafetyvalvetoremovesocioeconomicdiscontentthatexistedamongtherebels.Disputesoccurred,ofcourse,amongthosewhoremainedontherebelside,buttheextraordinarysocialmobilityofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety（withtheobviousexceptionofslaves）usuallypreventedsuchdisputesfromhardeningalongclasslines.Socialstructurewasinfactsofluid—thoughrecentstatisticssuggestanarrowingofeconomicopportunityasthelatterhalfofthecenturyprogressed—thattotalkaboutsocialclassesatallrequirestheuseoflooseeconomiccategoriessuchasrich,poor,andmiddleclass,oreighteenth-centurydesignationslike“thebettersort.”Despitethesevaguecategories,oneshouldnotclaimunequivocallythathostilitybetweenrecognizableclassescannotbelegitimatelyobserved.OutsideofNewYork,however,therewereveryfewinstancesofopenlyexpressedclassantagonism.

Havingsaidthis,however,onemustaddthatthereismuchevidencetosupportthefurtherclaimofrecenthistoriansthatsectionalconflictswerecommonbetween1763and1789.The“PaxtonBoys”incidentandtheRegulatormovementarerepresentativeexamplesofthewidespread,andjustified,discontentofwesternsettlersagainstcolonialorstategovernmentsdominatedbyeasterninterests.Althoughundertonesofclassconflictexistedbeneathsuchhostility,theoppositionwasprimarilygeographical.Sectionalconflict—whichalsoexistedbetweenNorthandSouth—deservesfurtherinvestigation.

Insummary,historiansmustbecarefulaboutthekindofconflicttheyemphasizeineighteenth-centuryAmerica.Yetthosewhostresstheachievementofageneralconsensusamongthecolonistscannotfullyunderstandthatconsensuswithoutunderstandingtheconflictsthathadtobeovercomeorrepressedinordertoreachit.

17.Theauthorconsidersthecontentionsmadebytherecenthistoriansdiscussedinthepassagetobe

（A）potentiallyverifiable

（B）partiallyjustified

（C）logicallycontradictory

（D）ingeniousbutflawed

（E）capriciousandunsupported

18.Theauthormostlikelyrefersto“historianssuchasBeardandBecker”（lines5-6）inorderto

（A）isolatethetwohistorianswhoseworkismostrepresentativeoftheviewpointsofProgressivehistorians

（B）emphasizetheneedtofindconnectionsbetweenrecenthistoricalwritingandtheworkofearlierhistorians

（C）makeacasefortheimportanceoftheviewsoftheProgressivehistoriansconcerningeighteenth-centuryAmericanlife

（D）suggestthatProgressivehistorianswerethefirsttodiscovertheparticularinternalconflictsineighteenth-centuryAmericanlifementionedinthepassage

（E）pointouthistorianswhoseviewsofhistoryanticipatedsomeoftheviewsoftherecenthistoriansmentionedinthepassage

19.Accordingtothepassage,LoyalismduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWarservedthefunctionof

（A）eliminatingthedisputesthatexistedamongthosecolonistswhosupportedtherebelcause

（B）drawingupper,asopposedtolower,socioeconomicclassesawayfromtherebelcause

（C）toleratingthekindsofsocioeconomicdiscontentthatwerenotallowedtoexistontherebelside

（D）channelingconflictthatexistedwithinasocioeconomicclassintothewareffortagainsttherebelcause

（E）absorbingmembersofsocioeconomicgroupsontherebelsidewhofeltthemselvesincontentionwithmembersofothersocioeconomicgroups

20.Thepassagesuggeststhattheauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesocialstructureofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety?

I.Itallowedgreatereconomicopportunitythanitdidsocialmobility.

II.Itpermittedgreatereconomicopportunitypriorto1750thanafter1750.

III.Itdidnotcontainrigidlydefinedsocioeconomicdivisions.

IV.Itpreventedeconomicdisputesfromarisingamongmembersofthesociety.

（A）IandIVonly

（B）IIandIIIonly

（C）IIIandIVonly

（D）I,II,andIIIonly

（E）I,II,III,andIV

21.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingsocioeconomicclassandsupportfortherebelandLoyalistcausesduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar?

（A）Identifyingaperson’ssocioeconomicclassistheleastaccuratemethodofascertainingwhichsidethatpersonsupported.

（B）IdentifyingapersonasamemberoftherebeloroftheLoyalistsidedoesnotnecessarilyrevealthatperson’sparticularsocioeconomicclass.

（C）BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughtherewerefewerdisputesamongsocioeconomicclassesontheLoyalistside.

（D）BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughtheLoyalistsidewasmadeupprimarilyofmembersoftheupperclasses.

（E）BoththerebelandtheLoyalistsidescontainedmembersofallsocioeconomicclasses,althoughmanyupper-classrebelseventuallyjoinedtheLoyalists.

22.TheauthorsuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttherepresentativenessofcolonialorstategovernmentsinAmericafrom1763to1789?

（A）Thegovernmentsinadequatelyrepresentedtheinterestsofpeopleinwesternregions.

（B）Thegovernmentsmoreoftenrepresentedclassintereststhansectionalinterests.

（C）Thegovernmentswerelessrepresentativethantheyhadbeenbefore1763.

（D）Thegovernmentsweredominatedbytheinterestsofpeopleofanuppersocioeconomicclass。

（E）Thegovernmentsofthenortherncolonieswerelessrepresentativethanwerethegovernmentsofthesoutherncolonies.

23.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutsectionalconflictsinAmericabetween1763and1789?

（A）Theseconflictswereinstigatedbyeasterninterestsagainstwesternsettlers.

（B）TheseconflictswerethemostseriouskindofconflictinAmerica.

（C）Theconflictseventuallyledtoopenlyexpressedclassantagonism.

（D）Theseconflictscontainedanelementofclasshostility.

（E）Theseconflictsweremotivatedbyclassconflicts.

91/10/A

InTheWomenofMexicoCity,1796-1857,SylviaMarinaArromarguesthatthestatusofwomeninMexicoCityimprovedduringthenineteenthcentury.AccordingtoArrom,householdsheadedbyfemalesandinstancesofwomenworkingoutsidethehomeweremuchmorecommonthanscholarshaveestimated;effortsbytheMexicangovernmenttoencouragefemaleeducationresultedinincreasedfemaleliteracy;andinfluentialmalewriterswroteadvocatingeducation,employment,andincreasedfamilyresponsibilitiesforwomen,whiledeploringwomen’spoliticalandmaritalinequality.Mentionofthefactthatthecivilcodesof1870and1884significantlyadvancedwomen’srightswouldhavefurtherstrengthenedArrom’sargument.

Arromdoesnotdiscusswhetherwomen’simprovedstatuscounteractedtheeffectsonwomenofinstabilityintheMexicaneconomyduringthenineteenthcentury.However,thisisnotsomuchaweaknessinherworkasitistheinevitableresultofscholars’neglectofthisperiod.Indeed,suchgapsinMexicanhistoryarepreciselywhatmakeArrom’spioneeringstudyanimportantadditiontoLatinAmericanwomen’shistory.

24.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?

（A）ReviewingahistoricalstudyofthestatusofwomeninMexicoCityduringthenineteenthcentury

（B）AnalyzingtheeffectsofeconomicinstabilityonthestatusofwomeninMexicoduringthenineteenthcentury

（C）Advancingathesisexplainingwhywomen’sstatusinMexicoCityimprovedduringthenineteenthcentury

（D）RejectingthethesisthatthestatusofwomeninMexicoCityduringthenineteenthcenturyactuallyimproved

（E）PraisinganauthorforapioneeringattempttobridgesignificantgapsinMexico’seconomichistorypriorto1790

25.Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,Arrom’sstudycanbecharacterizedas“animportantadditiontoLatinAmericanwomen’shistory”（lines21-22）becauseit

（A）offersaradicalthesisconcerningthestatusofwomen’scivilrightsinMexicansocietyduringthenineteenthcentury

（B）reliesonanewmethodofhistoricalanalysisthathasnotpreviouslybeenappliedtoLatinAmericanhistory

（C）focusesonlyonthestatusofwomeninMexicansociety

（D）addressesaperiodinMexicanhistorythatscholarshavetosomeextentneglected

（E）isthefirststudytorecognizetheroleoftheMexicangovernmentinencouragingwomen’seducation

26.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatArromwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingassertions?

（A）Efforts