香港新城论文翻译.docx

香港新城论文翻译.docx

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香港新城论文翻译

ChangingCommutingPatternsofNewTownResidentsinHongKong

TsangChungYin,Irene

Abstract

ThisdissertationconcernswiththechangeofthecommutingpatternsofnewtownresidentsinHongKongsincethe1980s.Inordertohaveamorein-depthunderstandingaboutthechangeofthecommutingpatternsofnewtownresidents,TuenMunnewtown（屯门新城）ischosenasacasestudyinthisdissertation.InformationaboutthecommutingpatternsofTuenMunresidentsinthepastyearsisobtainedfromgovernmentdocumentsandconsultantreportsthroughlibraryresearch.Aquestionnairesurveywasconductedbetween23thApriland27thApriltocollecttheinformationaboutthepresentcommutingpatternsofTuenMunresidents.ThesurveyresultsindicatethattherewasanincreasingproportionofresidentworkerscommuteoutofTuenMunsincethe1980s.TheproportionofTuenMunresidentworkerscommuteoutsidewasincreasingsignificantlyfrom52%in1981to75%in2001。

Amongtheoutcommutingtrips,halfofthemweretourbanareas.TheproportionofTuenMunresidentworkerscommutetourbanareasduringthepasttwentyyearswasincreasing.Besides,thesurveyshowsthattheaveragejourneytimetoworkforTuenMunresidentswaslong.Moreover,thesurveyfindsthattherewasanincreasingproportionofTuenMunresidentworkerslefthometogotoworkbefore8:

00a.m.between1992and2001.ThesurveyalsoshowsthatmanyTuenMunresidentworkerstookfrancMsedbusorpubliclightbustogettoworkwhilstTuenMunresidentstudentsmostlytookLRT（轻轨）toschool.Inaddition,thesurveyrevealsthereasonsforTuenManresidentsforoutcommutingtowork.Insufficientjobprovision,limitedjobchoiceaswellaspoorjobconditionsinTuenMuntogetherwithstrongtieswiththeexistingoutsidejobsallwerereasonscausingTuenMunresidentstotraveloutsidetowork.ThechangeofthecommutingpatternsofTuenMunresidentsreflectsthatself-containmentintermsofemploymentisbecominglessinTuenMua.ThroughthecasestudyofTuenMunnewtown,anin-depthunderstandingaboutthechangingcommutingpatternsofnewtownresidentsinHongKongduringthepasttwentyyearsisachieved.

2.3.2NewTownIdea

Differentcountriesuseddifferenttermstodescribethenewtownphenomenon.Someofthetermsare“newcommunities”、“plannedcommunities”、“newsettlements","satellitetowns"and"gardencities"（Philips&Yeh,1987）.

Sincenewtownshavebeenestablishedindifferentcountriesfordifferentpurposes,ondifferentscaleandoverdifferentperiodsoftime,thereisnouniversaldefinitionofnewtown.Differentscholarshavedifferentviewpointsonnewtown.AccordingtoGalantay,“newtownsareplannedcommunitiesconsciouslycreatedinresponsetoclearlystatedobjectives.Towncreationasanactofwillpresupposestheexistenceofanauthorityororganizationsufficientlyeffectivetosecurethesite,marshalresourcesforitsdevelopmentandexercisecontinuedcontroluntilthetownreachesviablesight（Galantay,1975:

1）

Cordenoffersthefollowingdefinitionofnewtown:

“townrefertoanyrelativelyautonomouscommunityoflimitedpopulationsizeplannedunderthedirectionofasingleentrepreneurordevelopmentagencyasatotalunitwhichcontainshousing,communityservices,andamenities,aswellasemploymentadequatetosupportasociallyandeconomicallydiversepopulation........thenewtownisallegedtopossessnotonlyaphysicalbutalsoasociologicalrealityasafall-fledgedcommunity,acompletenessnotfoundinthetypicalsuburbs"（Cordeo,1977:

15-16）,Clapppointoutthatsomedefinitionsofnewtownhavetendedtobephilosophicalthandescriptive,whilstothershavesetoutspecificandpreciseformulasbasedonsize,population,speedofdevelopmentandthelikeforthedesignationofasettlementasanewtown"（Philips&Yet,1987:

4）.

不同的国家对新城的称谓各不相同。

这些称谓有“新社区”（newcommunities）、规划社区（plannedcommunities）、新市镇（newsettlements）、卫星城（satellitetowns）和田园城市等等（gardencities）（Philips&Yeh,1987）.

由于不同国家新城建设的目的、规模、时间存在差异，因此没有统一的新城定义。

学者对新城的含义有着多样的理解。

Galantay对新城的解释为：

“新城是为特定目的而建设的规划社区。

作为一种有意识的活动，新城建设要求存在（一个）相关的政府或机构为新城的发展而有效地获取用地、组织资源，并在新城建设成功之前对新城进行持续的控制和管理”（Galantay1975,quotedinBristow1989:

p3）。

Corden对新城的定义为：

“新城是由私人开发商或其他开发机构规划建设的具有一定规模人口的相对独立自治的社区，它提供了充足的住宅、社区服务、文娱设施和就业岗位等，可容纳不同社会和经济阶层的人口……”（Cordeo,1977:

15-16）。

Clapp指出，一些学者对新城的定义倾于哲学化而描述性不足，同时另一些学者基于规模、人口、发展速度以及人们对新城称谓的喜好等对新城进行了具体而精确的定义（Philips&Yeh,1987:

4）。

Philips和Yeh对新城定义的理解如下：

“新城这一称谓使人们产生多方面的联想。

新城在建设之前一般都经过全面的规划和设计，它将为人们提供多种多样的住房、就业岗位、服务和休闲娱乐等，这些现代化的设施和服务使人们能够享有良好的生活环境。

新城包括多种类型——从市区内较小的新社区到规模较大的具有社会和经济独立性的新城市地区”（Ibid）。

从上述讨论可知，对新城

Philips&Yefahavethefollowingideasaboutthedefinitionofnewtown:

"thetermnewtownevokesanimageincorporatinganumberoffeatures.Itisassumedbymanypeopletodaythatsuchtownswillbevirtuallyfullyplannedandprogrammedbeforetheyareconstructed,Theywillprobablyprovideamixofhousing.employment,services,andrecreation.Theywillbemodemandtheywillprovideapleasantlivingenvironment.Thetermnewtownincludesarangeofsettlementtypes—fromrelativelysmallnewcommunitieswithinexistingurbanareastolarge-scale,freestandingnewurbanareaswithdefiniteboundariesandoftenwithindependent,thrivingeconomiesandsocieties（Ibid）,

Fromtheabovediscussion,wecanseethattherearenumerousdefinitionsoftheterm“newtown”.However,themainideaofnewtowncanbesummarizedasfollows:

NewtownisanIntentionallyplannedunitwithamixtureofalltypesoflandusesrequiredtocreateaself-containedandbalancedcommunitytoenhancethequalityoflifeforitsresidents.

2.4.3TheNewTownProgramme

Sincethemainurbanareashavebeendeveloped,thenewhousingisobligedtobedevelopedintheruralNewTerritories.ThismarkedthebeginningoftheNewTownProgrammein1973withtheaimtoprovideadequatehousingfor1.8millionpeople.AccordingtoPun（1987）,adequatehousingisdefinedas‘unsharedpermanentlivingquartersprovidedwithatleastthebasicfacilities"（Pun,1987:

42）.

TheprincipalobjectiveofnewtownsinHongKongwastodevelopabalancedandself-containedcommunityasfaraspossible.Thus,theconceptsof^balanceddevelopment"and"self-containmenrusedintheBritishnewtownplanningwereadoptedinthenewtownplanningofHongKong（Yeh,19S4）,Thisistoprovidethenewtownwithafullrangeofjobs,social,recreationalandcommunityfacilitiesaswellasahousing.Ingeneral,newtownsinHongKongarepublichousingledPublichousingincludesGovernmentlowcostrentalflatsandhomeownershipschemeflats-Thetargetpopulationmixofpublictoprivatehousinginnewtownsis60:

40（Kwok&Chan,1995）.Thehousingmixaimedatmixingdifferentpeopleinacommunityintermsofage,educationattainment,occupationandincomeinordertoachievea“balanceddevelopment"（Ibid）.

ThedevelopmentofnewtownsinHongKongisonaplannedandlogicalbasis-

AccordingtoKwok&Chan（1998）,anewtowninHongKongconsistsofthefollowingcharacteristics:

1.Itisanewsettlementwithall-roundedplanning,designanddevelopmentItisplannedasacompletecx>mmiinityincorporatingallnecessarysupportinginfiasteiMtiffetomeetdifferentneeds.

2.Geographically.,itislocatedrelativelyfarawayfromtheurbancentresandbecomesanindependentdevelopmentunit

3.Itsinhabitantsmainlyinternallymigratefromuibanareas,say,HongKongIslandandKowloonPeninsula,

4.Anearlyandmajordevelopmentprogrammeinthenewtownsispublichousing.TheprivatedevelopmentinhousingisproportionallylowerHoweverYuenLongnewtownistheexception.Itsshareofprivatehousing（58.8%）ishigherthanpublichousing（Loo,2000）.

5.Themanufk£uringindustryistheprimaryeconomicactivity.

6.Generally.,itreachesmaturityandprovidesanincreasingvarietyofinfiastructoeinordertodiminishthedependenceonoldurbanlegions.Itscommunityalsoaimstoachieveaheterogeneous*harmonioussocialmix.Inotterwords,itbasicallyturnsintoabalanceddevelopedsettlementunit

2.5*1JustificationofChoosingTuenManNewTownasCaseStudy

TaenMannewtownconsistsoftheabovementionedcharacteristics.UnlikeYuenLongnewtown,,TuenMunnewtownispublichousingledAbout70%ofTuenMunresidentsarelivinginpublichousing（TerritoryDevelopmentDepartment,1999）.ComparedwithTsuenWanandShaTinnewtowns,TuenMunnewtownislocatedrelativelyfarawayfromtheurbancentresandbecomesanindependentdevelopmentunit。

2.5.3History

Likeothernewtowns,theconceptsof“self-containment”and“balanceddevelopment”havebeenadoptedastheplanningobjectivesinthenewtowndevelopmentofTuenMun（NewTerritoriesDevelopmentDepartment,1976;ScottWilson,1978）

2.5.4Population

ThereisatremendousgrowthofpopulationinTuenMunnewtownatthebeginningofnewtowndevelopment.PopulationinTuenMunincreasedrapidlyfromabout20,977in1971to356,439in1991（Census&StatisticsDepartment,1992）.ThegrowthofpopulationinTuenMunisslowingdowninrecentyears.In1996,thepopulationincreasedto445,771（Census&StatisticsDepartment,1997）whilstthepopulationin1999increasedto490,000（TerritoryDevelopmentDepartment,1999）,Itisestimatedthatthepopulationwillreach625,000by2010（Ibid）.ItcanbeseenthatthepopulationgrowthinTuenMunbecomesstabilizedafteritdevelopedformanydecades.

2.5.5Homing

Toprovidehousingforthelargepopulationandtoallowresidentworkerstolivewithinareasonabledistanceoftheirplaceofjobs,thegovernmentbuiltalotofpublichousingestatesinTuenMun.AsshowninTable2.5about72%ofTuenMunresidentsin1996werelivinginpublichousingdevelopmentsin