全国通用高考英语复习第9讲 构词法.docx
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全国通用高考英语复习第9讲构词法
第9讲 构词法
[析考点·规律探密] 真题体验 透视命题规律
授课提示:
对应学生用书第29页
英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、转化法和合成法。
高考语法填空和短文改错对构词法的考查主要体现在派生词上。
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。
加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的叫作后缀。
【考点练悟】(单句语法填空)
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisestostrengthen(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.
2.Heencouraged(courage)metobeawriter(write)inthefuture.
3.Inthepastfewyears,Lucyhasformedthehabitofkeepingasupplyofcandlesincaseofapowerfailure(fail).
4.(2018·银川一中模拟)Itisnatural(nature)thatyoungpeopleareoftenuncomfortable_(comfort)whentheyarewiththeirparents.
5.(2018·玉溪一中模拟)Today'sexperiencetaughtmesomevaluable(value)lessonsinmylife.
6.IlovechildrenverymuchbecauseIalwaysfeelthattheybringgreathappiness(happy)andexcitement(excite)tomylife.
7.IthinkwatchingTVeveryeveningisawasteoftime,becausetherearemoremeaningful(meaning)thingstodo.
8.Whatpointscanberaisedindefence(defend)ofthisargument(argue)?
【考点练悟】
(单句改错 请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)
1.Tomyhappy,shecouldcooksomedeliciousfoodforme.
答案:
Tomy
,shecouldcooksomedeliciousfoodforme.
2.Iamsolucktohavesomefriendswhosharethesameinterestwithme.
答案:
Iamso
tohavesomefriendswhosharethesameinterestwithme.
3.Asweknow,challengeasitwas,itwasverybenefittous.
答案:
Asweknow,challengeasitwas,itwasvery
tous.
4.Itreflectedtheirlackofconcernforthesafeofbothothersandthemselves.
答案:
Itreflectedtheirlackofconcernforthe
ofbothothersandthemselves.
5.Herdisappointinglookshowedthatshefailedtheexamagain.
答案:
Her
lookshowedthatshefailedtheexamagain.
6.We'relivinginaworldwherewecanneverstresstheimportantofsharingtoomuch.
答案:
We'relivinginaworldwherewecanneverstressthe
ofsharingtoomuch.
[规律总结]
(一) 前 缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀
(1)un
unfortunate 不幸的
unable不能够的
uncomfortable不舒服的
(2)in
(3)im
impolite 不礼貌的
imperfect不完美的
impossible不可能的
(4)il
illegal 违法的
illogical不合逻辑的
inconvenient 不方便的
incorrect不正确的
informal不正式的
(5)ir
irregular 不规则的
irrelevant不相关的
(6)non
nonviolent 非暴力的
nonprofit非盈利的
(7)dis
dislike 不喜欢
disapprove不赞成
dishonest 不诚实的
disadvantage弊端,不利条件
2.表示其他意义的常见前缀
(1)en 使……
enable使能够
enrich使丰富
enlarge扩大,使变大
endanger危及
(2)re 再,又
retell复述
review复习
reunite团聚
(3)mis 错误
misunderstand误解
mislead误导
misread误读
(4)pre 在……之前
preview预习
prereading读前
prehistoric史前的
(5)fore 在……前面
forehead前额
foretell预言
forecast预测,预报
(6)inter 在……之间,互相
international国际的
interact互动
interpersonal人际的
(7)trans 转变,变换
translate翻译
transport运输
transform转变,改造
(二) 后 缀
1.形容词后缀
(1)y
windy 有风的
lucky幸运的
healthy健康的
(2)ly
friendly 友好的
deadly致命的
lively活泼的
(3)al
natural 自然的
national国家的
personal个人的
(4)ive
attractive 吸引人的
effective有效的
impressive印象深刻的
(5)ic/ical
historic 有历史意义的
energetic精力充沛的
historical历史的
(6)ous
famous 著名的
dangerous危险的
mysterious神秘的
(7)ful
wonderful 精彩的
beautiful美丽的
hopeful有希望的
(8)less
careless 粗心的
homeless无家可归的
helpless无助的
(9)able
comfortable 舒适的
acceptable可接受的
reasonable合乎情理的
adaptable可适应的
2.名词后缀
(1)表示“人”的名词后缀
①er
cleaner 清洁工
reporter记者
employer雇主,老板
②or
inventor 发明家
actor演员
visitor游客
③ist
artist 艺术家
scientist科学家
pianist钢琴家
dentist牙科医生
④ess
hostess 女主人
waitress女服务员
actress女演员
⑤ian
musician 音乐家
politician政治家
historian历史学家
(2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀
①th
truth 真相
strength力量,强项
width宽度
warmth温暖
②dom
freedom 自由
boredom无聊,厌烦
wisdom智慧
③ment
development 发展
achievement成就
amazement惊讶
excitement兴奋
④ness
happiness 幸福
weakness弱点
kindness善良
seriousness严重性,严肃性
⑤tion/sion
competition竞争
construction建设
discussion讨论
conclusion结论
admission接纳,准许入学
⑥ance/ence
importance 重要性
appearance出现,相貌
existence存在
patience耐心
confidence信心
⑦(t)y
difficulty 困难
loyalty忠诚
cruelty残忍
safety安全
responsibility职责,责任
⑧al
arrival 到达
approval赞成,批准
survival幸存
3.动词、副词后缀
(1)en
widen 加宽
deepen加深
weaken削弱
(2)ize
apologize 道歉
emphasize强调
memorize记住
(3)ly
slowly 慢慢地
happily高兴地
extremely 极其
surprisingly令人惊讶地
[刷题组·题型突破] 即时演练 巩固复习成果
授课提示:
对应学生用书第31页
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2018·银川一中模拟)Thankfully(thank),Imanagedtogetthroughthegameandthepainwasworthitintheend.
2.(2018·南昌市十所省重点中学模拟)Thesightseeingoptionsareendless(end),butmosttravelersbeginontheharborattheSydneyOperaHouse.
3.(2018·山东省高三下学期综合测试)Ronhadasuccessful(success)careerandworkedforFordbeforeretiringandleadingarelaxedlife.
4.Onlyinthiswaycantheygrowuptobeindependent(depend)andbecometrulysuccessful(success).
5.Myfirstimpression(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtful(thought)youngman.
6.Agroupofrobbersenteredthebuildingusingequipment(equip)todigholesanddestroywallsonSundaynight.
7.Notknowinghowtooperatethecomputerisoneofthedisadvantages(advantage)infindingjobs.
8.Newsoftherobberiesfrightened(fright)manypeopleintofittingnewlockstotheirdoors.
9.Thehighschoolboysloveplayingbasketball,anditisauseful(use)waytoreleasetheirstudypressure(press).
10.Anyone,whetherheisanofficialorabusdriver(drive),shouldbeequally(equal)respected.
Ⅱ.单句改错(请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)
1.Theydiveddeepintotheforestandfeltdeepfrightened.
答案:
Theydiveddeepintotheforestandfelt
frightened.
2.Shelookedanxious.Itseemsthatshehasbeeninvolvedinproperbusinessdeals.
答案:
Shelookedanxious.Itseemsthatshehasbeeninvolvedin
businessdeals.
3.Personal,Idon'tlikehimatall,butit'sstrangethatheshouldbesopopularamongthekids.
答案:
,Idon'tlikehimatall,butit'sstrangethatheshouldbesopopularamongthekids.
4.Iwasn'tblaminganyone;Imeresaiderrorslikethiscouldbeavoided.
答案:
Iwasn'tblaminganyone;I
saiderrorslikethiscouldbeavoided.
5.Thefiveyearsoldboycansingthesongverywell.
答案:
The
boycansingthesongverywell.
6.Inspiteofrepeatedwrongsdonetohim,helooksfriendtopeoplegreetinghim.
答案:
Inspiteofrepeatedwrongsdonetohim,helooks
topeoplegreetinghim.
7.Imustbegettingfat—Icanharddomytrousersup.
答案:
Imustbegettingfat—Ican
domytrousersup.
8.AustraliaisanEnglishspokencountry.
答案:
Australiaisan
country.
9.Weapologizedforanyconveniencecausedbythedelay.
答案:
Weapologizedforany
causedbythedelay.
10.Peoplewithdisabilitiesarenowdoingmanythingstorichtheirlives.
答案:
Peoplewithdisabilitiesarenowdoingmanythingsto
theirlives.
Ⅲ.语法填空
MoststudentsdoanIQtestearlyintheirschoolcareer.Eveniftheyneverseetheirresults,theyfeelthattheirIQis1.____________determineshowwelltheyaregoingtodoinlife.Whentheyseeother2.____________(student)doingbetterthanthem,theyusuallybelievethatthosestudentshavea3.____________(high)IQandthatthereisnothingtheycando4.____________(change)facts.However,newresearchintoEQsuggeststhatsuccessisnot5.____________(simple)theresultofahighIQ.
WhileyourIQtellsyouhow6.____________(intelligence)youare,yourEQtellsyouhowwellyouuseyourintelligence.ProfessorSalovery,7.__________inventedthetermEQ,givesthefollowingdescription:
Atwork,itisEQ8.____________getsyoupromoted.9.____________(support)byhisacademicresearch,ProfessorSaloverysuggeststhatwhenpredictingsomeone'sfuturesuccess,theircharacter,10.____________measuredbyEQtests,mightactuallymattermorethantheirIQ.
[语篇解读] 文章介绍了智商和情商之间的关系。
1.解析:
考查连接词。
is后面是表语从句,从句中缺主语,需用what引导,故填what。
答案:
what
2.解析:
考查名词单复数。
student是可数名词,此处由other修饰应用复数形式,指“其他的学生们”,故填students。
答案:
students
3.解析:
考查形容词比较级。
由句中的than可知此处用比较级表示那些有较高智商的人,故填higher。
答案:
higher
4.解析:
考查不定式。
此处用不定式表目的,指“他们没有办法改变事实”,故填tochange。
答案:
tochange
5.解析:
考查副词。
此处指“成功不仅仅是高智商的结果”,故填simply。
答案:
simply
6.解析:
考查形容词。
此处为“how+形容词+谓语”结构,用形容词,故填intelligent。
答案:
intelligent
7.解析:
考查关系词。
此空引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是ProfessorSalovery,指人,故用关系代词who。
答案:
who
8.解析:
考查强调句。
此处是强调句,结构为:
Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他,句中被强调部分是EQ,故填that。
答案:
that
9.解析:
考查过去分词。
support与ProfessorSalovery之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,故此处用过去分词作状语,故填Supported。
答案:
Supported
10.解析:
考查连词。
此处指“正如被EQ测试测量的那样”,故填as。
答案:
as
Ⅳ.短文改错
Recently,afamousbasketballplayerhascausedpublicangrybywritingontheGreatWall.Inthefact,thishappensinmanyplaceofinterest.Ihadsomesuggestionstosolvethisproblem.
First,makemoreposterstoinformthepublicthedamageofgraffiti(涂鸦).Besides,punishments,suchasafine,isnecessarytotouristswithsobadbehaviors.Also,Ithinkit'shelpfullytoputupsomeboardsalongthetouristattractionsthattouristscanleavemessages.
I'msurewithourefforts,moreandmorepeoplewillbecomeconcerningaboutprotectingculturalrelics.
答案:
Recently,afamousbasketballplayerhascausedpublic
bywritingon
GreatWall.Inthefact,thishappensinmany
ofinterest.I
somesuggestionstosolvethisproblem.
First,makemoreposterstoinformthepublic
thedamageofgraffiti(涂鸦).Besides,punishments,suchasafine,
necessarytotouristswith
badbehaviors.Also,Ithinkit's
toputupsomeboardsalongthetouristattractions
touristscanleavemessages.
I'msurewithourefforts,moreandmorepeoplewillbecome
aboutprotectingculturalrelics.
限时规范训练
(一) “语法填空+短文改错”组合练1(限时:
30分钟)
对应学生用书(单独成册)第105页
[题组一]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Haveyoueverthoughtaboutthebestmealyouhaveevereaten?
Formanypeople,itisn'tjustaboutthequalityofthefood;it'salsoaboutgreatmemoriesofaparticularvacationorthepersonitwasshared1.____________.Weasked100famouschefsfromaroundtheworld2.____________theirbestmealswere,andwegotsome3.____________(interest)answers.
Astheresearchersexpected,30%ofthechefs4.____________(survey)saidthattheirbestmealasakidwasstillwhattheylikedthemostasanadult.20%5.____________(consider)amealinafancyrestaurantasthebestoneintheirlives,andanother10%saidthatamealwhiletheywereonvacationwiththeirwife6.____________husbandwasthebestofalltime.15%saidthatasimplemealthattheyoftencookedathomeranked7.____________(high)thananyothermeal,andthesamenumbersaidthattheirbestdishwassomethingtheymadeattheplacewheretheyworked.8.____________(surprising),10%ofthesechefssaidthattheirfavoritemealoftheirentireliveswasatafastfoodrestaurant!
Thesebest9.____________(cook)intheworldwouldpickMcDonald'sorKFCiftheyhadthechoiceofwhat10.____________(eat).
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。
就什么是最佳美食,研究人员对世界上一百名著名的厨师做了调查,得到了许多非常有趣的答案。
1.解析:
考查固定搭配。
根据语境可知,最佳的美食不仅仅与食物的质量有关,还可能与某个特别假期的美好回忆或共同进餐的人有关。
sharewith为固定搭配,意为“与……分享”。
答案:
with
2.解析:
考查宾语从句。
分析该句结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,作及物动词