issue破题方法.docx

issue破题方法.docx

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issue破题方法

GRE教案

学生姓名

授课老师

黄静

时间

本次课时

教学内容

ISSUE题目分类

教学目标

通过对issue题目进行分类，掌握各类题目写法

五种类型的issue题目

在GRE的写作中，题目可以按照其快速破题点分为五种类型。

1、定义论题（claimofdefinition）——××是什么？

/怎么来理解××（题目通常是提出一个或几个定义）

“Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.”

“Themosteffectivewaytounderstandcontemporarycultureistoanalyzethetrendsofitsyouth.”

2、是非判断，价值论题（claimofvalue）——××是好是坏（题目一般叙述一个东西，前面有表正负的形容词）

“Unfortunately,incontemporarysociety,creatinganappealingimagehasbecomemoreimportantthantherealityortruthbehindthatimage.”

“Itismoreharmfultocompromiseone'sownbeliefsthantoadheretothem.”

3、建议型论题（claimsofpolicy）——××应该这样办，那样办（题目中经常出现should,could的字眼）

“Nationsshouldpasslawstopreserveanyremainingwildernessareasintheirnaturalstate”

“Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.”

4、因果性论题（claimofcause）——××导致了××/××为什么发生/××会引起××的结果（题目中蕴含了某种因果关系）

“Claim:

Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisnottheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists

Reason:

Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisactuallythewelfareofallitspeople.”

“Thehumanmindwillalwaysbesuperiortomachinesbecausemachinesareonlytoolsofhumanminds.”

5、事实类论题（Claimsoffact）——是否有这样的事实（题目尽量说得像那么回事，但并非是那种公认的，题目中实际是指一种观察或感觉，希望我们也能提出这样的结论，让我们都能认为是这样）（可用排除法来鉴别事实性题目，一般来说，不是其他四种题目的题目，就应该是事实类题目）

Isitafact?

/Isittrue?

/Doesitexist？

/Didithappen?

“Educationalinstitutionshavearesponsibilitytodissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.”

“People'sbehaviorislargelydeterminedbyforcesnotoftheirownmaking.”

练习：

判断下面的题目分别是哪一类型题目

1．Claim:

Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.

Reason:

Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasonsonwhichthatclaimisbased.

2．Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.

3．Manyimportantdiscoveriesorcreationsareaccidental:

itisusuallywhileseekingtheanswertoonequestionthatwecomeacrosstheanswertoanother.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

4.Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'sefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisuretime.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

5.Ifagoalisworthy,thenanymeanstakentoattainitarejustifiable.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

6.Inordertobecomewell-roundedindividuals,allcollegestudentsshouldberequiredtotakecoursesinwhichtheyreadpoetry,novels,mythology,andothertypesofimaginativeliterature.

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.

定义型题目

定义型题目的破题策略：

1.题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质。

（定义是对，或是错，还是对错兼半）

2.能否给出我自己的更为恰当的定义。

例：

“Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.”

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

正：

（题目定义的正确性）历史是连续的，现在许多问题---生存，战争，人与人的

关系等——只不过是在以不同的方式在今天上演。

反1：

（题目定义的不正确性）但是历史的却有明显的阶段性。

在不同的阶段，人们的物质生活状态，价值观念，风俗习惯都不一样，即便是同样的问题，过去和现在的表现形式以及其结果也不一样。

反2：

（我的定义）研究历史最大的好处其实是对人与社会发展规律的理解和把握。

以史为镜，可知兴衰。

通晓历史，能帮助我们总结前任的经验教训，在面对相似的问题时我们能更好地去解决。

历史是我们踏足未来的航海日志。

范文1

“Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople’sefficiencysothateveryonehasmoreleisuretime.”

Thespeakercontendsthattechnology'sprimarygoalshouldbetoincreaseourefficiencyforthepurposeofaffordingusmoreleisuretime.Iconcedethattechnologyhasenhancedourefficiencyaswegoaboutoureverydaylives.Productivitysoftwarehelpsusplanandcoordinateprojects;intranets,theInternet,andsatellitetechnologymakeusmoreefficientmessengers;andtechnologyevenhelpsusprepareourfoodandaccessentertainmentmoreefficiently.Beyondthisconcession,however,Ifindthespeaker'scontentionindefensiblefrombothanempiricalandanormativestandpoint.

Thechiefreasonformydisagreementliesintheempiricalproof:

withtechnologicaladvancementcomesdiminishedleisuretime.In1960theaverageU.S.familyincludedonlyonebreadwinner,whoworkedjustover40hoursperweek.Sincethentheaverageworkweekhasincreasedsteadilytonearly60hourstoday;andinmostfamiliestherearenowtwobreadwinners.Whatexplainsthisdeclineinleisuredespiteincreasingefficiencythatnewtechnologieshavebroughtabout?

Icontendthattechnologyitselfistheculpritbehindthedecline.Weusetheadditionalfreetimethattechnologyaffordsusnotforleisurebutratherforwork.Ascomputertechnologyenablesgreaterandgreaterofficeproductivityitalsoraisesouremployers'expectations——ordemands——forproduction.Furthertechnologicaladvancesbreedstillgreaterefficiencyand,inturn,expectations.Ourspiralingworkloadisonlyexacerbatedbythecompetitivebusinessenvironmentinwhichnearlyallofusworktoday.Moreover,everytechnologicaladvancedemandsourtimeandattentiontolearnhowtousethenewtechnology.Timedevotedtokeepingpacewithtechnologydepletestimeforleisureactivities.

　Idisagreewiththespeakerforanotherreasonaswell:

thesuggestionthattechnology'schiefgoalshouldbetofacilitateleisureissimplywrongheaded.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologycanandshouldaddress.Advancesinbio-technologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsafer,lessinvasivediagnosisandtreatment;advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,roads,bridgesandvehicles;informationtechnologyenableseducationwhilecommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationinthedemocraticprocess.Inshort,health,safety,education,andfreedom——andnotleisure——aretheproperfinalobjectivesoftechnology.Admittedly,advancesintheseareassometimesinvolveimprovedefficiency;yetefficiencyismerelyameanstothesemoreimportantends.

　　Insum,Ifindindefensiblethespeaker'ssuggestionthattechnology'svaluelieschieflyintheefficiencyandresultingleisuretimeitcanaffordus.Thesuggestionrunscontrarytotheoverwhelmingevidencethattechnologydiminishesleisuretime,anditwronglyplacesleisureaheadofgoalssuchashealth,safety,education,andfreedomastechnology'sultimateaims.

Vocabulary:

根据文章写出下列中文的相应英文

站不住脚的有养家糊口的人背后黑手使能够

产生，引起工作负担恶化错误的重要的

侵害的先天缺陷使容易目标相反势不可挡的

句型讲解：

1Whatexplainsthisdeclineinleisuredespiteincreasingefficiencythatnewtechnologieshavebroughtabout？

（抓主干理解句子）

什么能解释即使有了新技术带给我们的上升的效率，休闲时间依然减少呢。

2enable,facilitate,serve

Aenables/facilitates/serveBA使B能够好（实现等）

结构思考：

1文章采用了那种结构，运用了哪些立论方法。

2如果让你来写这个题目，你会如何入手立论。

3复述一下文章论证中用的例子，我们可以如何借鉴，并举一些类似的例子。

范文2：

“Originalitydoesnotmeanthinkingsomethingthatwasneverthoughtbefore;itmeansputtingoldideastogetherinnewways.”

Does"originality"meanputtingtogetheroldideasinnewways,asthespeakercontends,ratherthanconjuringuptrulynewideas?

AlthoughIagreethatinvariousrealmsofhumanendeavor,suchaslinguistics,law,andeventhearts,so-called"new"or"original"ideasrarelyare.However,whenitcomestothephysicalsciencesoriginalitymoreoftenentailscharteringcompletelynewintellectualterritory.

Thenotionthatso-called"originality"isactuallyvariationorsynthesisofexistingideasfindsitsgreatestsupportinlinguisticsandinlaw.Regardingtheformer,inspiteofthemanywordsinthemodernEnglishlanguagethatareuniquetoWesternculture,modernEnglishisderivedfrom,andbuildsupon,avarietyoflinguistictraditions--andultimatelyfromtheancientGreekandLatinlanguages.