issue破题方法.docx

1、issue破题方法 GRE教案学生姓名授课老师黄静时间本次课时教学内容ISSUE题目分类教学目标 通过对issue题目进行分类，掌握各类题目写法五种类型的issue题目在GRE的写作中，题目可以按照其快速破题点分为五种类型。1、定义论题（claim of definition）是什么？/怎么来理解 （题目通常是提出一个或几个定义）“The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.”“The most effective way to understand contemporary cult

2、ure is to analyze the trends of its youth.” 2、是非判断，价值论题（claim of value）是好是坏（题目一般叙述一个东西，前面有表正负的形容词）“Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.”“It is more harmful to compromise ones own beliefs than to adh

3、ere to them.”3、建议型论题（claims of policy） 应该这样办，那样办（题目中经常出现should, could的字眼）“Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state”“Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activi

4、ties.”4、因果性论题（claim of cause）导致了/ 为什么发生/ 会引起的结果 (题目中蕴含了某种因果关系)“Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.”“The human mind will always be superior

5、 to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.”5、事实类论题（Claims of fact）是否有这样的事实（题目尽量说得像那么回事，但并非是那种公认的，题目中实际是指一种观察或感觉，希望我们也能提出这样的结论，让我们都能认为是这样）（可用排除法来鉴别事实性题目，一般来说，不是其他四种题目的题目，就应该是事实类题目）Is it a fact? / Is it true? / Does it exist？/ Did it happen?“Educational institutions have a responsibi

6、lity to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.”“Peoples behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.”练习：判断下面的题目分别是哪一类型题目1Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict

7、our own. Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reasons on which that claim is based.2Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry ou

8、t the will of the people they serve. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recomme

9、ndation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.3 Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another. Write a response in which you discuss the extent t

10、o which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.4. The primary goal

11、 of technological advancement should be to increase peoples efficiency so that they have more leisure time. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your posit

12、ion, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.5. If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with t

13、he statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.6. In order to become well-rounded individuals, all col

14、lege students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In d

15、eveloping and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.定义型题目定义型题目的破题策略：1. 题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质。(定义是对，或是错，还是对错兼半)2. 能否给出我自己的更为恰当的定义。例：“The main benefit of the study

16、of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.”Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and s

17、upporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.正：（题目定义的正确性）历史是连续的，现在许多问题- 生存，战争，人与人的关系等只不过是在以不同的方式在今天上演。反1：（题目定义的不正确性）但是历史的却有明显的阶段性。在不同的阶段，人们的物质生活状态，价值观念，风俗习惯都不一样，即便是同样的问题，过去和现在的表现形式以及其结果也

18、不一样。反2：（我的定义）研究历史最大的好处其实是对人与社会发展规律的理解和把握。以史为镜，可知兴衰。通晓历史，能帮助我们总结前任的经验教训，在面对相似的问题时我们能更好地去解决。历史是我们踏足未来的航海日志。范文1“The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase peoples efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.” The speaker contends that technologys primary goal should be to

19、 increase our efficiency for the purpose of affording us more leisure time. I concede that technology has enhanced our efficiency as we go about our everyday lives. Productivity software helps us plan and coordinate projects; intranets, the Internet, and satellite technology make us more efficient m

20、essengers; and technology even helps us prepare our food and access entertainment more efficiently. Beyond this concession, however, I find the speakers contention indefensible from both an empirical and a normative standpoint.The chief reason for my disagreement lies in the empirical proof: with te

21、chnological advancement comes diminished leisure time. In 1960 the average U.S. family included only one breadwinner, who worked just over 40 hours per week. Since then the average work week has increased steadily to nearly 60 hours today; and in most families there are now two breadwinners. What ex

22、plains this decline in leisure despite increasing efficiency that new technologies have brought about? I contend that technology itself is the culprit behind the decline. We use the additional free time that technology affords us not for leisure but rather for work. As computer technology enables gr

23、eater and greater office productivity it also raises our employers expectationsor demandsfor production. Further technological advances breed still greater efficiency and, in turn, expectations. Our spiraling work load is only exacerbated by the competitive business environment in which nearly all o

24、f us work today. Moreover, every technological advance demands our time and attention to learn how to use the new technology. Time devoted to keeping pace with technology depletes time for leisure activities. I disagree with the speaker for another reason as well: the suggestion that technologys chi

25、ef goal should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. Advances in bio-technology can help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology can allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; advances

26、in genetics can help prevent birth defects; advances in engineering and chemistry can improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges and vehicles; information technology enables education while communication technology facilitates global participation in the democratic process. In

27、 short, health, safety, education, and freedomand not leisureare the proper final objectives of technology. Admittedly, advances in these areas sometimes involve improved efficiency; yet efficiency is merely a means to these more important ends.In sum, I find indefensible the speakers suggestion tha

28、t technologys value lies chiefly in the efficiency and resulting leisure time it can afford us. The suggestion runs contrary to the overwhelming evidence that technology diminishes leisure time, and it wrongly places leisure ahead of goals such as health, safety, education, and freedom as technology

29、s ultimate aims.Vocabulary: 根据文章写出下列中文的相应英文站不住脚的 有 养家糊口的人 背后黑手 使能够产生，引起 工作负担 恶化 错误的 重要的 侵害的 先天缺陷 使容易 目标 相反 势不可挡的句型讲解：1 What explains this decline in leisure despite increasing efficiency that new technologies have brought about？ （抓主干理解句子）什么能解释即使有了新技术带给我们的上升的效率，休闲时间依然减少呢。2 enable, facilitate, serve A

30、 enables/facilitates/serve B A使B能够好（实现等）结构思考：1文章采用了那种结构，运用了哪些立论方法。2如果让你来写这个题目，你会如何入手立论。3复述一下文章论证中用的例子，我们可以如何借鉴，并举一些类似的例子。范文2： “Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways.”Does originality mean putting together old ideas

31、 in new ways, as the speaker contends, rather than conjuring up truly new ideas? Although I agree that in various realms of human endeavor, such as linguistics, law, and even the arts, so-called new or original ideas rarely are. However, when it comes to the physical sciences originality more often

32、entails chartering completely new intellectual territory. The notion that so-called originality is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideas finds its greatest support in linguistics and in law. Regarding the former, in spite of the many words in the modern English language that are unique to Western culture, modern English is derived from, and builds upon, a variety of linguistic traditions-and ultimately from the ancient Greek and Latin languages.