aps经济审核总结.docx

aps经济审核总结.docx

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aps经济审核总结

1.AdvancedMathematics

Inthiscourseilearnedhoetosolvederivativeproblem,forexample,f（x）equals4xsquare2plus3x,thenthederivateofthisquotationwillbe8xplus3.AndwealsolearnedIntegration,whichcanbethoughtofasmeasuringtheareaunderacurve,definedbyf（x）,betweentwopoints,likeaandb.Forexample,thexaxisrepresentstime,andtheyaxisrepresentsspeed,thedistanceistheareaoftheshadedregion.

2.Management

Thiscourseintroducedussomebasictheoriesofmodernmanagement.SuchasHerzberg'stwofactortheory,thistheorymainlysuggestedatwo-stepapproachtounderstandingemployeemotivationandsatisfaction.Hedividedthereasonswhichwouldinfectemployeesintotwokinds,oneishygienefactorsandtheotherismotivatorfactors.Suchfactorslikewages,companypolicyandworkingconditionsarehygienefactors,thiskindoffactordecidedifitwouldcostdissatisfactionanddemotivation.Andthemotivationfactorsaremorelikelytobesomethinglikeopportunitytoadvancement,challengingandsenseofpersonalachievement.Unlikehygienefactors,motivationfactorswillhelptodeterminesatisfactionandmotivation.thistheoryactuallybeenusedwidelyinmoderncompanies,...

Secondly,welearnedaveryfamousandimportanttheory,Maslow's"HierarchyofNeeds".Itsuggeststhatyouaremotivatedbyyourneeds,andyourneedscanbedividedintofivehierarchy,therearephysiological,safety,love\belonging,esteem,self-actualization.

3.Politicaleconomics

InthiscoursewelearnedMarxism,inwhichintroducedValueinuse,itmeansany

labor-producthasavalueandause-value,andifittradedasacommodityinmarkets,it

Additionallyhasanexchangevalue,mostoftenexpressedasamoney-price.

Marxacknowledgesthatcommoditiesbeingtradedalsohaveageneralutility,impliedbythefactthatpeoplewantthem,buthearguesthatthisbyitselftellsusnothingaboutthespecificcharacteroftheeconomyinwhichtheyareproducedandsold.Usevaluemeanstheabilitytosatisfypeople'ssomecertainneed.Forexample,theaveragepriceforonehouristen,thenamadeashoeinonehour,butitisdamaged,thenthevalueofthisshoeistenbuttheusevalueofthisshoeiszerosincetheshoealreadylostitsabilitytosatisfypeople'sneed.

Secondly,exchangevalueasforMarxreferstowhatothercommoditiesitwillexchangefor.

4.Monetarybanking

Inthiscourse,ilearnedthemainlyaboutbank,bankisafinancialinstitutionwhoseprimaryactivityistoactasapaymentagentforcustomersandtoborrowandlendmoney.Nowbankscanoffermanydifferentchannelsandservices,suchasbranches,ATMs,mails,telephonebankingandonlinebanking.Peoplecangettheseserviceseasily.Forexample,Ipreferbuyingsomethingontheinternet,becauseitisveryeasyandbymyonlinebankingIcanpaythebillsquickly.WhenIwanttotransformsomemoneytosomeone,viaonlinebankingIcandoitandcheckmyaccount.Becauseofthisservice,Iwon’ttogotothebankandwaitforlongtime.Viaonlinebanking,peoplealsocanchoosetosavetheirmoney,paytheelectricityfee

BrettonWoodssystem,it'sbeenbuiltupaftertheworldwartwo,itsfeaturewasanobligationforeachcountrytoadoptamonetarypolicythatmaintainedtheexchangeratebytyingitscurrencytotheUSdollarandtheabilityoftheIMFtobridgetemporaryimbalanceofpayments.Theultimatereasonswhythissystembrakedownistheinsolvableproblemofthissystem,firstofall,ifthedollarneedstobestableorelseothercountrywouldnotacceptitasaninternationalpaymentandstoremethod,soAmerican'sinternationalpaymentneedtobefavorablebalance,butontheotherhand,theothercountriesintheworldneedtohaveenoughforeignexchangereservewhichwouldneedAmericantokeepindeficit.Therearethreedirectreasonswhythissystembrokedown,1.American'sgoldreservekeepreducing,whichmainlycausebytheVietNamwar.2.American'sinflationgettingworse.3.American'sinternationalbalanceofpaymentkeepbeingdeficit,whichcausetheDollarGult.

Thenilearnedinflationanddeflation,inflationgenerallycausedlotsofcurrencies,whichwouldcausemoneydevalueandtotalpricerisesup.Inflationcanbedividedintodemand-pullinflationandcost-pushinflation,theformeronecausedbyexcessivegrowthofaggregatedemand,itmeanstoomuchmoneychasetoofewgoods.Tobemorespecific,itcouldbedemandformoneyisinvariantbutthemoneysuppleincreasetoomuch.,ortheeconomysystemdecreaseitsdemandformoneygreatly.Andthesecondtypeofinflationiscausebytheincreaseofcost,materialandsalary.Deflationiscausedbypricegoingdownformorethanoneyear.Itcancause3lowand1high.Priceofcommoditiesgoesdown,effectivedemandsisnotenough,moneysupplyislowandeconomygrowsinalowrate,andhighunemployment.Anincreaseinthegenerallevelofpricesimpliesadecreaseinthepurchasingpowerofthecurrency.

Measures:

Expansionarymonetarypolicy,expansionaryfiscalpolicy.Expansionary

monetarypolicymeansismonetarypolicythatseekstoincreasethesizeofthemoneysupply.fiscalpolicyistheuseofgovernmentrevenuecollection（taxation）andexpenditure（spending）toinfluencetheeconomy.Thetwomaininstrumentsoffiscalpolicyaregovernmenttaxationandexpenditure.Changesinthelevelandcompositionoftaxationandgovernmentspendingcanimpactthefollowingvariablesintheeconomy:

Aggregatedemandandthelevelofeconomicactivity;Thepatternofresourceallocation;Thedistributionofincome.

5.Accounting

Firstlyilearnedaccountingisprocessingtheeconomydataintoaccountinginformation,sothatwecanfiguringoutthefinancialstatusandbusinessresultsanduseitforfuturedecision.Tobemorespecific,welearnedbalancesheet,itincludingassets,liabilitiesandnetworth.Assetsshowsalltheproductiveassetsacompanyowns,andthesecondpartshowsallthefinancingmethods,suchasliabilitiesandshareholder'sequity.Italwayshavetofollowtheformula:

Assets=Liabilities+Shareholders'Equity.

Balancesheethasalotoffunctions,allowmetoexplainthemtoyouinavividlyexample,ikepteveryincomeandexpenditureofmyfamily,sofirst,fromiticanquicklygettoknowthefinancialstatementofourfamily,aboutthefamily'sfinancialstrengthandcapabilitiesto

Purchasesomethingexpensivelikecarsorhouse.Ithinkthisissameforthecompany,theycanquicklyknowwhethertheyarereadytoexpansionornot.Secondly,thebalancesheetcanhelptoanalyzethetrend,intheareaofreceivablesandpayables.Thirdly,alongwiththeincomestatement,canmakefinancialreportingtopotentiallendersuchasbanks,investors.

Andwelearnedcashflowstatement.

6.Corporatefinance

Ilearnedthetimevalueofmoneyinthiscourse,itreferstoacertainamountofmoneycanbuymorethingsthanthesamemoneycanbuyinpresent.Forexample,nowihave100yuan,iftheinterestis5%,thenafterayear,this100yuanwillbeworth105yuaninthefuture.Thisisbecausethecommonphenomenonofinflation.Forexample,astheprofessorsaid,theoretically,,youareactuallysavingmoneyifyoupaythecreditcard'sdebtatthelastdayofthelimitation.

Thenwelearnedmatchingprinciple,acompanycanminimizeitsfinancialcostbymatchingprinciple,whichreferstoashorttermfinancedemandshouldsupplybyshorttermdebtfinancing,andlongtermfinancedemandshouldbesupportbylongtermfinancerecourse.Forexample,

7.Internationaltrade

Inthiscourse,ilearnedfreetradeandprotectionism,freetradeisatradepolicythatallowstraderstoactortransactwithouttheinterferencefromgovernment,underthistradepolicy,pricesareareflectionoftruesupplyanddemand,andarethesoledeterminantofresourcesallocation.Andprotectionismistheeconomicpolicyofrestrainingtradebetweenstates,throughmethodsliketariffsonimportedgoods,restrictivequotasandsomeothergovernmentregulationsdesignedtodiscourageimportsandpreventforeigncompaniestakeoverdomesticmarketsandcompanies.Forexample,Walmartinchina.TwosupermarketsfromWalmart,ShenzhenWalmartandBeijingWalmartmighthavedifferentpricesononegood,becauseShenzhenasaeconomicspecialzone,don'tallowprotectionismexist,theChinesegovernmentinordertoprotectthedomesticretailer,setupaseriesoftaxpolicytoforeignretailers.

Thirdly,welearnedbalanceoftrade,itreferstothedifferencebetweenthemonetaryvalueofexportsandimportsofoutputinaneconomyovericertainperiod.Apositiveorfavorablebalanceoftradeisknownasatradesurplusifitconsistsofexportingmorethanisimported;anegativeorunfavorablebalanceisreferredtoasatradedeficitoratradegap.Surplusappearsonthebalanceofpaymentwillbeasacreditbalance,theadvantageofitisitwillenhancetheabilityofinternationalreserveandforeignpayment,butitalsohavedisadvantagesaboutit,forexamplechinaandAmerican:

1.ItwillincreasethepressureofRMBappreciation,cuzfavorablebalanceoftradewillmakethesupplyofdollarmorethandemand,thenwillcausetheexpectationofdollardepreciationandRMBappreciation,thenitwouldincreasethepressureofRMBappreciation,themoresurplusgetthebiggerpressureofRMBappreciationgets.Favorablebalanceoftradewouldcauseinternationaltradefriction,china'shavingfavorablebalancemeansthecountriesdoingbusinesswithchinawillhaveunfavorablebalance,thentheywilluselimittheexportofchina'sproducttoprotecttheirdomesticindustry,forexample,afterChinajoinWTO,tradebetwe