aps经济审核总结.docx

1、aps经济审核总结1.Advanced Mathematics In this course i learned hoe to solve derivative problem, for example, f(x) equals 4x square 2 plus 3x, then the derivate of this quotation will be 8x plus 3. And we also learned Integration, which can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x)

2、, between two points, like a and b. For example, the x axis represents time, and the y axis represents speed, the distance is the area of the shaded region. 2.Management This course introduced us some basic theories of modern management. Such as Herzbergs two factor theory, this theory mainly sugges

3、ted a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction. He divided the reasons which would infect employees into two kinds, one is hygiene factors and the other is motivator factors. Such factors like wages, company policy and working conditions are hygiene factors, this kind

4、of factor decided if it would cost dissatisfaction and demotivation. And the motivation factors are more likely to be something like opportunity to advancement, challenging and sense of personal achievement. Unlike hygiene factors, motivation factors will help to determine satisfaction and motivatio

5、n. this theory actually been used widely in modern companies, . Secondly, we learned a very famous and important theory, Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs. It suggests that you are motivated by your needs, and your needs can be divided into five hierarchy, there are physiological, safety, lovebelonging, e

6、steem, self-actualization. 3.Political economics In this course we learned Marxism, in which introduced Value in use, it means any labor-product has a value and a use-value, and if it traded as a commodity in markets, it Additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. Marx

7、 acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold. Use value means the ability to satisfy peoples some

8、certain need. For example, the average price for one hour is ten, then a made a shoe in one hour, but it is damaged, then the value of this shoe is ten but the use value of this shoe is zero since the shoe already lost its ability to satisfy peoples need.Secondly, exchange value as for Marx refers t

9、o what other commodities it will exchange for.4.Monetary banking In this course, i learned the mainly about bank, bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money. Now banks can offer many different channels and services,

10、such as branches, ATMs, mails, telephone banking and online banking. People can get these services easily. For example, I prefer buying something on the internet, because it is very easy and by my online banking I can pay the bills quickly. When I want to transform some money to someone, via online

11、banking I can do it and check my account. Because of this service, I wont to go to the bank and wait for long time. Via online banking, people also can choose to save their money, pay the electricity feeBretton Woods system, its been built up after the world war two, its feature was an obligation fo

12、r each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the US dollar and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalance of payments. The ultimate reasons why this system brake down is the insolvable problem of this system, first of all, if the doll

13、ar needs to be stable or else other country would not accept it as an international payment and store method,so Americans international payment need to be favorable balance, but on the other hand, the other countries in the world need to have enough foreign exchange reserve which would need American

14、 to keep in deficit. There are three direct reasons why this system broke down,1. Americans gold reserve keep reducing, which mainly cause by the Viet Nam war. 2.Americans inflation getting worse. 3. Americans international balance of payment keep being deficit, which cause the DollarGult.Then i lea

15、rned inflation and deflation, inflation generally caused lots of currencies, which would cause money devalue and total price rises up. Inflation can be divided into demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation, the former one caused by excessive growth of aggregate demand, it means too much money c

16、hase too few goods. To be more specific, it could be demand for money is invariant but the money supple increase too much., or the economy system decrease its demand for money greatly. And the second type of inflation is cause by the increase of cost, material and salary. Deflation is caused by pric

17、e going down for more than one year. It can cause 3 low and 1 high. Price of commodities goes down, effective demands is not enough, money supply is low and economy grows in a low rate, and high unemployment. An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of th

18、e currency.Measures: Expansionary monetary policy, expansionary fiscal policy. Expansionary monetary policy means is monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply. fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (taxation) and expenditure (spending) to influence the e

19、conomy. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government taxation and expenditure. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact the following variables in the economy: Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; The pattern of resource allocati

20、on; The distribution of income.5.AccountingFirstly i learned accounting is processing the economy data into accounting information, so that we can figuring out the financial status and business results and use it for future decision. To be more specific, we learned balance sheet, it including assets

21、, liabilities and net worth. Assets shows all the productive assets a company owns, and the second part shows all the financing methods, such as liabilities and shareholders equity. It always have to follow the formula:Assets= Liabilities + Shareholders Equity.Balance sheet has a lot of functions, a

22、llow me to explain them to you in a vividly example, i kept every income and expenditure of my family, so first, from it i can quickly get to know the financial statement of our family, about the familys financial strength and capabilities to Purchase something expensive like cars or house. I think

23、this is same for the company, they can quickly know whether they are ready to expansion or not. Secondly, the balance sheet can help to analyze the trend, in the area of receivables and payables. Thirdly, along with the income statement, can make financial reporting to potential lender such as banks

24、, investors.And we learned cash flow statement.6.Corporate finance I learned the time value of money in this course, it refers to a certain amount of money can buy more things than the same money can buy in present. For example, now i have 100 yuan, if the interest is 5%, then after a year, this 100

25、 yuan will be worth 105 yuan in the future. This is because the common phenomenon of inflation. For example, as the professor said, theoretically, you are actually saving money if you pay the credit cards debt at the last day of the limitation. Then we learned matching principle, a company can minim

26、ize its financial cost by matching principle, which refers to a short term finance demand should supply by short term debt financing, and long term finance demand should be support by long term finance recourse. For example, 7.International trade In this course, i learned free trade and protectionis

27、m, free trade is a trade policy that allows traders to act or transact without the interference from government, under this trade policy, prices are a reflection of true supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resources allocation. And protectionism is the economic policy of restraining t

28、rade between states, through methods like tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and some other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign companies take over domestic markets and companies. For example, Walmart in china. Two supermarkets from Walmart, Shenzhen

29、Walmart and Beijing Walmart might have different prices on one good, because Shenzhen as a economic special zone, dont allow protectionism exist, the Chinese government in order to protect the domestic retailer, set up a series of tax policy to foreign retailers.Thirdly, we learned balance of trade,

30、 it refers to the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over i certain period. A positive or favorable balance of trade is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative or unfavorable balance is referred to as a

31、trade deficit or a trade gap. Surplus appears on the balance of payment will be as a credit balance, the advantage of it is it will enhance the ability of international reserve and foreign payment, but it also have disadvantages about it, for example china and American:1. It will increase the pressu

32、re of RMB appreciation, cuz favorable balance of trade will make the supply of dollar more than demand, then will cause the expectation of dollar depreciation and RMB appreciation, then it would increase the pressure of RMB appreciation, the more surplus get the bigger pressure of RMB appreciation g

33、ets. Favorable balance of trade would cause international trade friction, chinas having favorable balance means the countries doing business with china will have unfavorable balance, then they will use limit the export of chinas product to protect their domestic industry, for example, after China join WTO, trade betwe