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职称英语理工类教材新增文章完全版
2014年职称英语（理工类）教材新增文章
第二部分阅读判断
﹡第8篇WhatIsaDream?
（B级）
Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others,however,thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact.,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson'smindandemotions.
Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.ItWasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.
TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud,wasprobablythefirstpersontoStudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams（1900）,Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson'swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.
TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJungwasonceastudentofFreud's.Jung,however,hadadiffentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.
Modem-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCaliforia,SantaCruz,believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson'sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.
Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.
Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen'sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen'sdreams.Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefromllculturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.
Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?
Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonisthis:
Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn'tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It'simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.
词汇：
psychologist[saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst]n．心理学家
psychiatrist[saɪˈkaɪətrɪst]，2．精神病学家（医生）
Austrian[ˈɔstrɪən]adj奥地利的gender[ˈdʒendə]n．性别
注释：
SigmundFreud：
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856一1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
精神分析学派的创始人。
他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。
著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．CarlJung：
卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．Forexample,thepeopleinmen'sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen'sdreams：
例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦则与男人不同。
练习：
l.Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
2.AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
3.Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
4.Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
5.AccordingtoDomhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilityto.dreamasadultsdo.
ARiglitBWrongCNotmentioned
6.Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
7.Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
答案与题解：
1．A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。
即有些心理学家认为人脑睡眠中的活动没有特
别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
2．A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思想和恐惧。
此句与本叙述一致。
，．
3．B第四段的第三句和第四句：
Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer．（荣格认为做梦的目的是向做梦的人传递一个信息o）Hethoughtpeoplecouldleammoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams．（他认为人们通过思考自己所做的梦能更好地了解自己）o他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4．C文中没有提及。
5．A依据第六段，Domboff研究得出：
孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。
这就说明了孩子不具备成人做梦的能力。
6．A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。
第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7．B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：
梦确实有含义，但并不表示一些可怕的事蜻就一定会发生。
因而梦不能预测未来。
﹡第10篇TheBiologyofMusic（B级）
Humansusemusicasapowerfulwaytocommunicate.Itmayalsoplayanimportantroleinlove.Butwhatismusic,andhowdoesitworkitsmagic?
Sciencedoesnotyethavealltheanswers.
Whataretwothingsthatmakehumansdifferentfromanimals?
Oneislanguage,andmeotherismusic.Itistruethatsomeanimalscansing（andmanybirdssingbetterthanalotofpeople）.
However,thesongsofanimals,suchasbirdsandwhales,areverylimited.ItisalsotruethatIhumans,notanimals,havedevelopedmusicalinstruments.
Musicisstrangestuff.Itisclearlydifferentfromlanguage.However,peoplecanusemusictocommunicatethings-especiallytheiremotions.Whenmusiciscombinedwithspeechinasong.itisaverypowerfulformofcommunication.But,biologicallyspeaking,whatismusic"?
If'musicistrulydifferentfromspeech,thenweshouldprocessmusicandlanguageindifferentpartsofthebrain.Thescientificevidencesuggeststhatthisistrue.
Sometimepeoplewhosufferbraindamagelosetheirabilitytoprocesslangua.However,theydon'tautomaticallylosetheirmusicalabilities.Forexample,VissarionShebalin,aRussiancomposer,hadastrokein1953.Itinjuredtheleftsideofhisbrain.Hecouldnolongerspeakorunderstandspeech.Hecould,however,stillcomposemusicuntilhisdeathtenyearslater.Ontheotherhand,sometimesstrokescausepeopletolosetheirmusicalability,buttheycanstillspeakandunderstandspeech.Thisshowsthatthebrainprocessesmusicandlanguageseparately.
Bystudyingthephysicaleffectsofmusiconthebody,scientistshavealsolearnedalotabouthowmusicinfluencestheemotions.Butwhydoesmusichavesuchastrongeffectonus'Thatisaharderquestiontoanswer.GeoffreyMiller,aresearcheratUniversityCollege,London,thinksthat
muSiCandlovehaveastrongconnectionMusicrequiresspecialtalent,practice,andphysicaiability.That'swhyitmaybeawayofshowingyourfitnesstobesomeone'smate.Forexamplelsingingintuneorplayingamusicalinstrumentrequiresfinemuscularcontrol.Youalsoneedagood,memorytorememberthenotes.Andplayingorsingingthosenotescorrectlysuggeststhatyourhearingisinexcellentcondition.Finally,whenamansingstothewomanheloves（orviceversa）,itmaybeawayofshowingoff.
However,Miller'stheorystilldoesn'texplainwhycertaincombinationsofsoundsinfluenceouremotionssodeeply.Forscientists,thisisclearlyanareathatneedsfurtherresearch.
automatically[ˌɔ:
təˈmætɪkəlɪ]adv.自动地
note[nəut]n.音符
stroke[strəuk]n.中风
注释：
1.Itisalsotruethathumans,notanimals,havedevelopedmusicalinstruments：
人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。
develop：
研制，例如：
Scientistsaredevelopingnewdrugstotreatcancer．科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。
l.Humans,butnotanimals,cansing.
ARigtBWrongCNotmentioned
2.Peoplecanusemusictocommunicatetheiremotions.
ARightBWron;CNotmentioned
34Weusethesamepartofthebrainformusicandlanguage.
ARigtBWrongC,Notmentioned
4.GeofferyMilerhasdoneresearchonmuSlCandemotions.
ARigtBWrongCNotmentioned
5.It'shardforhumanstocomposemusic.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
6.MemoryisnotanimportantpartinSingingintune.
ARightBwrong;CNotmentioned
7.Scientistsdoesnotknowalltheanswersabouttheeffectsofmusiconhumans.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
答案与题解：
1．B第二段的第三句：
Itistruethatsomeanimalscansing（andmanybirdssingbetterthanalotofpeople）。
可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2．A第三段的第三句：
However,peoplecanusemusictocommunicatethings–especially
theiremotions．这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3．B第四段说明：
科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。
在第五段，作者用VissarionShebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4．A第六段的第四句：
GeoffrevMiller,aresearcheratUniversityCollege,London,thinksthatmusicandlovehaveastrongconnection．这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：
音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5．C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6．B笫六段有一句：
Youalsoneedagoodmemorytorememberthenotes，此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7．A最后一段讲的是：
科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。
也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
第11篇：
BillGates:
UnleashingYourCreativity（A级）
I'vealwaysbeenanoptimistandIsupposeitisrootedinmybeliefthatthepowerofcreativityandintelligencecanmakethewordabetterplace.
ForaslongasIcanremember,I'velovedlearningnewthingsandsolvingproblems.SowhenIsatdownatacomputerforthefirsttimeinseventhgrade,Iwashooked.Itwasaclunkyoldteletypemachineanditcouldbarelydoanythingcomparedtothecomputerswehavetoday.Butitchangedmylife.
WhenmyfriendPaulAllenandIstartedMicrosoft30yearsago,wehadavisionof"a computeroneverydeskandineveryhome",whichprobablysoundedalittletoooptimisticatatimewhenmostcomputerswerethesizeofrefrigerators.Butwebelievedthatpersonalcomputerswouldchangetheworld.Andtheyhave.
Andafter30years,I'mstillasinspiredbycomputersasIwasbackinseventhgrade.
Ibelievethatcomputersarethemostincredibletoolwecanusetofeedourcuriosityand inventiveness--tohelpussolveproblemsthateventhesmartestpeoplecouldn'tsolveontheirown.
Computershavetransformedhowwelearn,givingkidseverywhereawindowintoalloftheworld'sknowledge.They'rehelpingusbuildcommunitiesaroundthethingswec
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