英语测试理论与实践期末AC部分整理.docx

英语测试理论与实践期末AC部分整理.docx

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英语测试理论与实践期末AC部分整理

Chapter1

SectionA

1.WhyisElleWoodsconsidereddiversebyHarvardLawSchool?

AndwhyisElleWoodsadmittedbyHarvardLawSchool?

WhatcanwelearnfromitaboutAmericanculture?

ElleWoodsisconsidereddiversebyHarvardLawSchoolbecauseshe’safashionmajorandherpracticesoutofclassarequitedifferentfromotherstudents,whoareusuallypolitics,historyorphilosophymajors.ElleWoodswasadmittedbyHarvardLawSchoolmainlybecausetheyarelookingfordiversestudentslikeElle.Fromit,wecanlearnthatAmericaneducationalsystemencouragesthedevelopmentofindividuality.Furthermore,wecanalsorealizethatcultureshapespeople’sdiscourseandbehaviors,whichinfluencesthecommunicationbetweenpeople.

2.DiscussingroupsthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheAmericanandChineseeducationsystems.Presentyourideastothewholeclassafteryourdiscussion.

Americaneducationsystememphasizethatstudentsshouldbediverseandtakepartinalotofsocialpractice,whichcontributestotheall-rounddevelopmentofstudents.However,AmericanstudentsusuallyloseinthecompetitionwithChinesestudentsbecausetheydon’thighlightthetestskills.Bycontrast,Chineseeducationisaexam-orientededucation,whichputtheexamatfirst.Therefore,Chinesestudentsareoftengoodatexambutlackexperienceofsocialpracticeanddon’tknowhowtocommunicatewithstrangers.

3.WhydoChineseandAmericansdevelopdifferenteducationsystems?

Whataretheculturalfactorsunderlyingthedifferences?

TheculturaldifferencegeneratesthedifferenteducationsystembetweenAmericaandChina.AmericancultureischaracteristicofopeningandhighlightssocialpracticewhileChinesecultureisrigorousandhighlightstheroleofparentsandteachers.Inthissense,studentsshouldrespectforandobeytheircommandandpayallattentiontoexamintermsoffiercecompetition.

SectionC

1.WhydidZhaosay‘Americaisagoodplace,butit’stoodull’?

WhatcanwelearnaboutChineseculture?

Whenhissonwenttowork,Zhaowasquitelonelyanddidn’thaveanyfriends.ThiskindoflifewasmuchdifferentfromhisfarminglifeinChina,wherehehadmanyfriendsandneighborsaround,talking,drinkingteaandplayingmabjongtogetherduringtheleisuretime.Chinesecultureisagroup-orientedculture,wherepeoplewouldliketointeractwitheachother.

2.WhydidmostChinesefamiliesdecidetogrowvegetablesinsteadofflowersontheirland?

WhatcanwelearnaboutChineseculture?

Chinesepeopleareverydiligentandthrifty.Forthem,itiswastefultouselandtoraiseflowers.ChineseculturewhichischaracteristicofcollectivismisaguidelinethatshapesChinesebehaviors.

3.Cultureisoftencomparedtothe‘software’ofpeople’mind.Citetheexamplesinthiscasetoexplainthesentence.

WhenZhaowasinAmerican,hewasverylonelyandhadnofriend.Thatsummerwasthehappiesttimeforhimbecausehecouldcommunicatewithhisfriends.Fromthisexample,wecanlearnthatculturegovernspeople’smindanddetermineswhethertheyarehappyornot.AnotherexampleisthechoiceofChinesefamiliestogrowvegetables.Fromit,wecanlearnthatculturegovernspeople’sbehaviorandprovidesguidelinesforwhattodoandwhatnottodo.

Chapter2

SectionA

1.Inthemovie,JonathanwantstogetSara’sphonenumber,buttheirprocessofcommunicationfails.Whatelementsgowronginthisprocess?

WhenSaragivesherphonenumbertoJonathan,thepaperisblownintoatrash.Jonathantakesitasanaccident,butSararegardsitasasignoffate,whichistellinghernottodeveloptheirrelationship.Theirdifferentoutlooktolifecausesthebreakdownoftheprocessofcommunication.

2.Inthemovie,howmanythingsdoesSaradoinordertotestfate?

Andwhatarethey?

Whatdoyouthinkofthesebehaviors?

Threethings.ThefirstoneisthatSaraasksJonathantowritedownhisphonenumberona$5billandspendsthebillinalittlegrocerystore.Thesecondoneisthatshepromisestowritedownhernumberinsideabookandsellittoausedbookstore.ThethirdoneisthatsheasksJonathantogetintoahotelwithherandproposesthatsheandJonathanpickthesamefloorintheliftrandomly.IthinkSarabelievesinfateandregardthefateasthefoundationoffeelings.

3.Afamousanthropologistoncesaidthat‘Cultureiscommunicationandcommunicationisculture.’Doyouagree?

Whyorwhynot?

Yes.Becausepeopleindifferentcultureshavedifferentcontexts,whichinfluencehowtheycommunicate.Inthiscase,Sarawithabeliefoffatecan’tcommunicatewithJonathannotbelievingfateverywell.Furthermorecommunicationmaybeculture,becausepeopleoftencommunicatewitheachotherwillhavethesameinterest,habitsandbeliefs,whichcreatethenewculture.

SectionC

1.WhatthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyAsians?

Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?

Asianpeopleareverycourteousandindirectinthecommunication.Becausetheyemphasizegroupharmony,theyeretolerantwhentheyareoffended.Thesecollectivismvalues,shapedbyConfucianteachings,werespreadfromChinatomanyAsiancountries.

2.WhatisthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyWesterners?

Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?

Westernersaredirectandfrankinthecommunication.Andtheyhavesstrongsenseofprotectingtheirownrights.Individualismvaluesaretheprinciplesguidingtheirbehaviors.

3.同上面3

Chapter3

SectionA

1.Inthehearing,whydoesXuDatonginviteJohntobehislawyeralthoughJohnisnotfamiliarwithfamilylaw?

WhatcanyoulearnfromitaboutChineseculture?

XuDatonginvitedJohntobehislawyerbecauseJohnwashisbestfriend. Inhisopinion,Chineseusuallyasktheirintimaterelationshipforhelptosolvesomeintractableproblemsasthiskindofrelationshipwillmakemoreefforttohelpyou. Hence,weknowthatChinaisacollectivismsocietyandChinesepeopleusuallyemphasizeinterdependenceandcollectiverelations.

2.Whydoesn’tJohndefendXuDatonginthehearing?

WhatcanwelearnfromthisaboutChineseculture?

Fromthephotos,JohnspontaneouslyconsideredthatDenniswasabusedbyhisfather,whichwasillegalinAmerica. That'swhyJohnrejectedtodefendXuDatong. Fromit,wecanseethatinAmerica,peopleareattachedimportancetothetruthandlawratherthantotheinterpersonalrelationship,whichisthemostobviouscharacteristicofanindividualismsocietyandisdifferentfromacollectivismsociety.

3.WhydoesXuDatongtellthejudgeheperformedGuashaonDennis?

WhatcanwelearnfromthisaboutChineseculture?

OnChinese'view,theyoungmanisthebraceofafamilyandheshouldberesponsibleforthewholefamily. AlthoughDennis'injurywascreatedbyhisgrandfatherinfact,XuDatongrealizedthatheshouldshouldertheresponsibilityaccordingtoChinesetraditionalculture.

4.Whoshallweaskforhelpwhenwegetintolegaltroubles,ourrelativesandfriendsoralawyer?

IwouldliketoaskthelawyersforhelpwhenIgetintolegaltroubles.Ontheonehand,lawyersunderstandthelawsandregulationsandtheyknowhowtouselawstodebatewhileyourfriendsorrelationswhoarewillingtohelpyouarepossiblynotfamiliartolaws. Infact,lawyersareusefulindealingwithlegaltroublesthanyourfriendsandrelatives. Ontheotherhand,thefactandevidencearemoreemphasizedinmodernsociety. Whenthejusticejudgedthelegalcasesandmaketheverdicts,theywillnoticetheevidenceandtruthratherthanpersons.

SectionC

1.CouldyouunderstandwhyMilecalledthepolice?

WhatcanwelearnaboutAmericancultureandChineseculture?

MikecalledthepolicebecausehisgrandmotherbeathimwhichwasforbiddeninAmerica. InChina,'beating'isaregularandpopularwaytoeducatechildren. Itisacommonsense. 'Beating'candatebacktoancientChineseeducationwhentheteachersgaveseriouspunishmenttostudentsdoingsomethingwrong. InAmerica,'beating'isforbiddenandillegal. Parentsalwaysusemildmethodssuchaspersuasionorsuggestiontoeducatetheirchildren.MeanwhileAmericanchildrenrealizetheirrighttoprotectthemselves,whichisinfluencedbyfreedomandequalitypropagatedbyTheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizens.

2.Whycouldn’tXueSulingcarryoutheroriginalplanofChineselanguageteaching?

WhatcanwelearnLearningaboutAmericancultureandChineseculture?

Chineseisverydifficult,especiallyinspeakingandwriting.ItmusthaveanenvironmentofChineselanguageandsubstantialpractices.However,MikeandXueSulingdidn'thavetheseconditions. InChina,children’slearningismanipulatedbytheteachersandparentsandperhapsmonitoredforthewholeday. InAmerica,childrenshouldlearnhowtobeindependentoftheirparentsfromthemomenttheyareborn. Theyarrangetheirownstudies.Therefore,XueSulingcan'tcarryoutheroriginalplan. Fromit,wecouldrealizethatAmericanhighlightindividualrights,whichisthesameasotherindividualismcountriesandareas.

Chapter4

SectionA

1.Discusstheimageofthewhaleasasymbolofnature,andCaptainAhab’sattitudetowardsit.

Thewhaleisasymbolofthenature,isaconcreteembodimentofthepowerfulnature.Natureisrichandgenerous,itisatreasureforhumans,providinghumanswithfoodandclothes.Iflosingit,humanswilldie.Natureisalsostingy,itnevergivessomethingtohumansonitsowninitiative,humansrelyonplundering（掠夺）ittogetwhattheywant.CaptainAhabistherepresentativeofhuman.Heisapersonwithstrengthandperseveranceaswellascraziness,selfishandarrogance.Hefightsagainstthewhaleparalleltothebehaviorthatpeopleconquerthenature.Forhim,the