英语语言学名词解释2.docx

英语语言学名词解释2.docx

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英语语言学名词解释2

现代语言学

一绪论

1.Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage

2Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants.

3Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.

4Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:

Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.

7Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.

8Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.

9Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

二音系学

1Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

2Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

3Phone:

Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.

4Phoneme:

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

5allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

6Complementarydistribution:

Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

7Minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

8Stress:

Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.

9tones:

Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.

10intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish{$isbest}

三形态学

1morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2inflectionalmorphology:

Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.

3derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

4morpheme:

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

5freemorpheme:

Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

6boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

7root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

8affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.

9prefix:

Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.

10suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

11derivation:

Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.

12compounding:

Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.

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四句法学

1linguisticcompetence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

2sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.

3transformationrules:

Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

4D-structure:

Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.

5Moveа:

Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа

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五语义学

1semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

2sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.

3reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

4synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.

5polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.

6antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.

7homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

8hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

9componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.

10grammaticalmeaning:

Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.

11semanticmeaning:

Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.

12predication:

Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

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六语用学

1pragmatics:

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

2context:

Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

3utterancemeaning:

Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

4locutionaryact:

Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.

5illocutionaryact:

Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

6perlocutionaryact:

Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:

itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

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七历史语言学

1historicallinguistics:

Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

2apocope:

Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.

3epenthesis:

Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.

4metathesis:

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.

5compounding:

Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

6derivation:

Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.

7blending:

Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

8back-formation:

Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.

9semanticbroadening:

Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..

10semanticnarrowing:

Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.

11semanticshift:

Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.

12protolanguage:

Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.

Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefam