英语语言学名词解释2.docx

1、英语语言学名词解释2现代语言学一 绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and use

2、d in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”-boyish,teach-teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form s

3、entences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.

4、7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguis

5、tics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二 音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Pho

6、ne: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some dont. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonolog

7、y is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complem

8、entary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is p

9、rounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, str

10、ess and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English$isbest 三 形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of gram

11、mer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smal

12、lest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have t

13、o be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflec

14、tional and derivational. 9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word. 10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word

15、.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words. 12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. $i

16、sbest 四 句法学 1 linguistic competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number

17、of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic

18、representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 5 Move : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, t

19、here is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move $isbest 五 语义学 1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguisti

20、c form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. 3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of expe

21、rience. 4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy. 5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word. 6 a

22、ntonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. 7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 8 hyponymy : H

23、yponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. 10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refe

24、rs to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions. 12 predication : In semantic analysis of

25、 a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. $isbest 六 语用学 1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 2 context: The notion of context is e

26、ssential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. 3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or si

27、mply in a context. 4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology. 5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speakers intention; It is the act performed

28、in saying something. 6 perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. $isbest 七 历史语言学 1 historical linguistics: Historical linguis

29、tics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change. 2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope. 3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is kno

30、wn as epenthesis. 4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. 5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. 6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to

31、the roots. 7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which t

32、he meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. 10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. 11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning. 12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language. A protolanguage is the original form of a language fam