tpo26阅读文本及标准答案.docx
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tpo26阅读文本及标准答案
1
TPO26:
EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution
Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.
Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheMconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.
Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.
Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacomplete2
transformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.
PARAGRAPH1
Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimary