高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读.docx

高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读.docx

《高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读.docx（31页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读

议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。

同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。

像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。

首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。

议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。

因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。

一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。

同学们还应注意的是：

在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。

把握全文论点。

弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。

体裁演练（xx·北京卷）

Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybeeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awellknownmathematicianNorbertWiener，whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论），putitthisway：

“Ifweuse，toachieveourpurposes，amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预），wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality，onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings：

awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine，thisqualityisnotinborn，norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans；itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee，itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful，then，wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined，superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown，withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall，usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately，thatplanseemsunlikelytowork：

wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans，letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand，asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933，famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated，withconfidence，“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However，onSeptember12,1933，physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutroninduced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.

1．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________.

A．runoutofhumancontrol

B．satisfyhuman'srealdesires

C．mandarmiesofkillerrobots

D．workfasterthanamathematician

2．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________.

A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D．beathumansininternationalchessmatches

3．Accordingtosomeresearchers，wecanusefirewallsto________.

A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B．besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C．keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D．avoidrobots'affectingtheworld

4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.

C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

D．Itwillstayforadecade.

【能力提升】

A

Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting，andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours？

Tounderstandtheissue，let'stakealookatthreetypesof“waits”．

TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatchedPotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink（洗碗池）asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit'sfull.Duringthesewaits，thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.

AcousintotheWatchedPotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil，addmix，simmerthreeminutes，removefromheat，letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall，ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.

PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLuckyBreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait，whichisalsovoluntary，waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.

Turningone'slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope，andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes，buttheLuckyBreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn'tetorelyonit，wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.

Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou'restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou'llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky，don'tbedesperate.You'reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.

1．WhiledoingaWatchedPotWait，wetendto________.

A．keepourselvesbusyB．getabsentminded

C．growanxiousD．stayfocused

2．WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatchedPotWait?

A．TheForcedWaitrequiressomeselfcontrol.

B．TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.

C．TheWatchedPotWaitneedsdirections.

D．TheWatchedPotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.

3．WhatcanwelearnabouttheLuckyBreakWait?

A．ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.

B．Itdoesn'talwaysbringthedesiredresult.

C．ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.

D．Itdoesn'tgivepeoplefaithandhope.

4．Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?

A．Takeitseriously.B．Don'trelyonothers.

C．Dosomethingelse.D．Don'tloseheart.

B

ItoldmyfriendGrahamthatIoftencycletwomilesfrommyhousetothetowncentrebutunfortunatelythereisabighillontheroute.Hereplied,“Youmeanfortunately.”HeexplainedthatIshouldbegladoftheextraexercisethatthehillprovided.

Myattitudetothehillhasnowchanged.IusedtoplainasIapproacheditbutnowItellmyselfthefollowing.Thishillwillexercisemyheartandlungs.Itwillhelpmetoloseweightandgetfit.ItwillmeanthatIlivelonger.Thishillismyfriend.FinallyIfortmyselfwiththethoughtofallthosesillypeoplewhopaymoneytogotoagymandsitonstationeryexercisebicycleswhenIcangetthesamevalueforfree.IhaveasmileofsatisfactionasIreachthetopofthehill.

Problemsaretheretobefacedandovere.Wecannotachieveanythingwithaneasylife.HelenKellerwasthefirstdeafandblindpersontogainauniversitydegree.Heractivismandwritingprovedinspirational.Shewrote,“Charactercannotbedevelopedinease.Onlythroughexperiencesofsufferingcanthesoulbestrengthened,visioncleared,ambitioninspiredandsuccessachieved.”

Oneofthemaindeterminantsofsuccessinlifeisourattitudetowardsadversity（逆境）.Fromtimetotimeweallfacehardships,problems,accidentsanddifficulties.Someareofourmakingbutmanyarenofaultofourown.Whilewecannotchoosetheadversity,wecanchooseourattitudetowardsit.

DouglasBaderwas21whenin1931hehadbothlegscutofffollowingaflyingaccident.HewasdeterminedtoflyagainandwentontobeeoneoftheleadingflyingaviatorsintheBattleofBritainwith22aerialvictoriesovertheGermans.Hewasaninspirationtoothersduringthewar.Hesaid,“Don'tlistentoanyonewhotellsyouthatyoucan'tdothisorthat.That'snonsense.Makeupyourmind,you'llneverusecrutches（拐杖）orastick,andthenhaveagoateverything.Gotoschool,andjoininallthegamesyoucan.Goanywhereyouwantto.Butnever,neverletthempersuadeyouthatthingsaretoodifficultorimpossible.”

Thebiographiesofgreatpeoplearefullofexamplesofhowtheytookstepstooverethedifficultiestheyfaced.Themonthreadisthattheydidnotbeedepressed.Theychosetheirattitude.Theychosetobepositive.Theytookonthechallenge.Theywon.

Nevertheless,thereisstilltheproblemofhowyouchangeyourattitudetowardsadversity.

5．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthorofthepassage?

A．Goingtoagymisgreatlybeneficialtopeople'shealth.

B．Climbinghillsonbicyclesisthebestwaytotakeexercise.

C．Thosewhowanttoachievesuccesscan'texpecttoliveaneasylife.

D．People'sattitudetoadversityistheonlyfactoroftheirsuccess.

6．ByquotingwhatDouglasBadersaid,theauthorintendstotellus“________”．

A．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

B．Abadworkmanquarrelswithhistools.

C．Ifyourisknothing,youwillhavenothing.

D．Nothingisdifficulttothemanwhowilltry.

7．Followingthispassage,theauthorwillfurthertalkabout________.

A．howhisfriendhelpedhimtochangehisattitudetowar