《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imch.docx

《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imch.docx

《《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imch.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imch.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imch

《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案（克鲁格曼，第六版）imch

HAPTER6

ECONOMIESOFSCALE,IMPERFECTCOMPETITION,ANDINTERNATIONALTRADE

ChapterOrganization

EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade:

AnOverviewEconomiesofScaleandMarketStructureTheTheoryofImperfectCompetition

Monopoly:

ABriefReview

MonopolisticCompetition

LimitationsoftheMonopolisticCompetitionModelMonopolisticCompetitionandTrade

TheEffectsofIncreasedMarketSize

GainsfromanIntegratedMarket:

ANumericalExampleEconomiesofScaleandComparativeAdvantageTheSignificanceofIntraindustryTrade

WhyIntraindustryTradeMattersCaseStudy:

IntraindustryTradeinAction:

TheNorthAmericanAutoPactDumping

TheEconomicsofDumpingCaseStudy:

AntiDumpingasProtection

ReciprocalDumping

TheTheoryofExternalEconomies

SpecializedSuppliersLaborMarketPoolingKnowledgeSpilloversExternalEconomiesandIncreasingReturnsExternalEconomiesandInternationalTrade

ExternalEconomiesandthePatternofTradeTradeandWelfarewithExternalEconomiesBox:

TinseltownEconomicsDynamicIncreasingReturnsSummary

35

Appendix:

DeterminingMarginalRevenue

CHAPTEROVERVIEW

Inpreviouschapters,tradebetweennationswasmotivatedbytheirdifferencesinfactorproductivityorrelativefactorendowments.Thetypeoftradewhichoccurred,forexampleoffoodformanufactures,isbasedoncomparativeadvantageandiscalledinterindustrytrade.Thischapterintroducestradebasedoneconomiesofscaleinproduction.Suchtradeinsimilarproductionsiscalledintraindustrytrade,anddescribes,forexample,thetradingofonetypeofmanufacturedgoodforanothertypeofmanufacturedgood.Itisshownthattradecanoccurwhentherearenotechnologicalorendowmentdifferences,butwhenthereareeconomiesofscaleorincreasingreturnsinproduction.

Economiesofscalecaneithertaketheformof1）externaleconomieswherebythecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofthefirm;oras2）internaleconomies,wherebytheproductioncostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeoftheindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthesizeoftheindustry.Internaleconomiesofscalegiverisetoimperfectlycompetitivemarkets,unliketheperfectlycompetitivemarketstructuresthatwereassumedtoexistinearlierchapters.Thismotivatesthereviewofmodelsofimperfectcompetition,includingmonopolyandmonopolisticcompetition.Theinstructorshouldspendsometimemakingcertainthatstudentsunderstandtheequilibriumconceptsofthesemodelssincetheyareimportantforthejustificationofintraindustrytrade.

Inmarketsdescribedbymonopolisticcompetition,thereareanumberoffirmsinanindustry,eachofwhichproducesadifferentiatedproduct.Demandforitsgooddependsonthenumberofothersimilarproductsavailableandtheirprices.Thistypeofmodelisusefulforillustratingthattradeimprovesthetrade-offbetweenscaleandvarietyavailabletoacountry.Inanindustrydescribedbymonopolisticcompetition,alargermarket--suchasthatwhicharisesthroughinternationaltrade--lowersaverageprice（byincreasingproductionandloweringaveragecosts）andmakesavailableforconsumptionagreaterrangeofgoods.Whileanintegratedmarketsalsosupportstheexistenceofalargernumberoffirmsinanindustry,themodelpresentedinthetextdoesnotmakepredictionsaboutwheretheseindustrieswillbelocated.

Itisalsointerestingtocomparethedistributionaleffectsoftradewhenmotivatedbycomparativeadvantagewiththosewhentradeismotivatedbyincreasingreturnstoscalein

36

production.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirfactorendowments,andwhenscaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationareimportant,theincomedistributionaleffectsoftradewillbesmall.YoushouldmakecleartothestudentsthesharpcontrastbetweenthepredictionsofthemodelsofmonopolisticcompetitionandthespecificfactorsandHeckscher-Ohlintheoriesofinternationaltrade.Withoutclarification,somestudentsmayfindthecontrastingpredictionsofthesemodelsconfusing.

Anotherimportantissuerelatedtoimperfectlycompetitivemarketsisthepracticeofpricediscrimination,namelychargingdifferentcustomersdifferentprices.Oneparticularlycontroversialformofpricediscriminationisdumping,wherebyafirmchargeslowerpricesforexportedgoodsthanforgoodssolddomestically.Thiscanoccuronlywhendomesticandforeignmarketsaresegmented.Whilethereisnogoodeconomicjustificationfortheviewthatdumpingisharmful,itisoftenviewedasanunfairtradepractice.

Theothertypeofeconomiesofscale,externaleconomies,hasverydifferenteconomicimplicationsthaninternaleconomies.Sinceexternaleconomiesofscaleoccurattheindustrylevel