Level8unit2part2 experience vs memoryWord文件下载.docx

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Level8unit2part2 experience vs memoryWord文件下载.docx

butbyandlarge,

thisissomethingthatwe'

llhavetogiveup

andwe'

llhavetoadoptthemorecomplicatedviewofwhatwell-beingis.

Thesecondtrapisaconfusionbetweenexperienceandmemory;

basically,it'

sbetweenbeinghappyinyourlife,

andbeinghappyaboutyourlife

orhappywithyourlife.

Andthosearetwoverydifferentconcepts,

andthey'

rebothlumpedinthenotionofhappiness.

Andthethirdisthefocusingillusion,

andit'

stheunfortunatefactthatwecan'

tthinkaboutanycircumstance

thataffectswell-being

withoutdistortingitsimportance.

Imean,thisisarealcognitivetrap.

There'

sjustnowayofgettingitright.

01:

Now,I'

dliketostartwithanexample

ofsomebodywhohadaquestion-and-answersession

afteroneofmylecturesreportedastory,

andthatwasastory--

Hesaidhe'

dbeenlisteningtoasymphony,anditwasabsolutelygloriousmusic

andattheveryendoftherecording,

therewasadreadfulscreechingsound.

Andthenheadded,reallyquiteemotionally,

itruinedthewholeexperience.

Butithadn'

Whatithadruinedwerethememoriesoftheexperience.

Hehadhadtheexperience.

Hehadhad20minutesofgloriousmusic.

Theycountedfornothing

becausehewasleftwithamemory;

thememorywasruined,

andthememorywasallthathehadgottentokeep.

02:

Whatthisistellingus,really,

isthatwemightbethinkingofourselvesandofotherpeople

intermsoftwoselves.

Thereisanexperiencingself,

wholivesinthepresent

andknowsthepresent,

iscapableofre-livingthepast,

butbasicallyithasonlythepresent.

It'

stheexperiencingselfthatthedoctorapproaches--

youknow,whenthedoctorasks,

DoesithurtnowwhenItouchyouhere?

Andthenthereisarememberingself,

andtherememberingselfistheonethatkeepsscore,

andmaintainsthestoryofourlife,

stheonethatthedoctorapproaches

inaskingthequestion,

Howhaveyoubeenfeelinglately?

or"

HowwasyourtriptoAlbania?

orsomethinglikethat.

Thosearetwoverydifferententities,

theexperiencingselfandtherememberingself,

andgettingconfusedbetweenthemispartofthemess

aboutthenotionofhappiness.

03:

Now,therememberingself

isastoryteller.

Andthatreallystartswithabasicresponseofourmemories--

itstartsimmediately.

Wedon'

tonlytellstorieswhenwesetouttotellstories.

Ourmemorytellsusstories,

thatis,whatwegettokeepfromourexperiences

isastory.

Andletmebeginwithoneexample.

Thisisanoldstudy.

Thoseareactualpatientsundergoingapainfulprocedure.

Iwon'

tgointodetail.It'

snolongerpainfulthesedays,

butitwaspainfulwhenthisstudywasruninthe1990s.

Theywereaskedtoreportontheirpainevery60seconds.

Herearetwopatients,

thosearetheirrecordings.

Andyouareasked,"

Whoofthemsufferedmore?

Andit'

saveryeasyquestion.Clearly,PatientBsufferedmore--

hiscolonoscopywaslonger,

andeveryminuteofpainthatPatientAhad,

PatientBhad,andmore.

04:

Butnowthereisanotherquestion:

Howmuchdidthesepatientsthinktheysuffered?

Andhereisasurprise.

ThesurpriseisthatPatientA

hadamuchworsememoryofthecolonoscopy

thanPatientB.Thestoriesofthecolonoscopiesweredifferent,

andbecauseaverycriticalpartofthestoryishowitends.

Andneitherofthesestoriesisveryinspiringorgreat--

butoneofthemisthisdistinct...（Laughter）

butoneofthemisdistinctlyworsethantheother.

Andtheonethatisworse

istheonewherepainwasatitspeakattheveryend;

it'

sabadstory.

Howdoweknowthat?

Becauseweaskedthesepeopleaftertheircolonoscopy,

andmuchlater,too,

Howbadwasthewholething,intotal?

AnditwasmuchworseforAthanforB,inmemory.

05:

Nowthisisadirectconflict

betweentheexperiencingselfandtherememberingself.

Fromthepointofviewoftheexperiencingself,

clearly,Bhadaworsetime.

Now,whatyoucoulddowithPatientA,andweactuallyranclinicalexperiments,

andithasbeendone,anditdoeswork--

youcouldactuallyextendthecolonoscopyofPatientA

byjustkeepingthetubeinwithoutjigglingittoomuch.

Thatwillcausethepatient

tosuffer,butjustalittle

andmuchlessthanbefore.

Andifyoudothatforacoupleofminutes,

youhavemadetheexperiencingself

ofPatientAworseoff,

andyouhavetherememberingselfofPatientA

alotbetteroff,

becausenowyouhaveendowedPatientA

withabetterstory

abouthisexperience.

Whatdefinesastory?

Andthatistrueofthestories

thatmemorydeliversforus,

salsotrueofthestoriesthatwemakeup.

Whatdefinesastoryarechanges,

significantmomentsandendings.

Endingsarevery,veryimportant

and,inthiscase,theendingdominated.

06:

Now,theexperiencingself

livesitslifecontinuously.

Ithasmomentsofexperience,oneaftertheother.

Andyoucanask:

Whathappenstothesemoments?

Andtheanswerisreallystraightforward:

Theyarelostforever.

Imean,mostofthemomentsofourlife--

andIcalculated,youknow,thepsychologicalpresent

issaidtobeaboutthreesecondslong;

thatmeansthat,youknow,

inalifethereareabout600millionofthem;

inamonth,thereareabout600,000--

mostofthemdon'

tleaveatrace.

Mostofthemarecompletelyignored

bytherememberingself.

Andyet,somehowyougetthesense

thattheyshouldcount,

thatwhathappensduringthesemomentsofexperience

isourlife.

sthefiniteresourcethatwe'

respending

whilewe'

reonthisearth.

Andhowtospendit

wouldseemtoberelevant,

butthatisnotthestory

thattherememberingselfkeepsforus.

07:

Sowehavetherememberingself

andtheexperiencingself,

rereallyquitedistinct.

Thebiggestdifferencebetweenthem

isinthehandlingoftime.

ifyouhaveavacation,

andthesecondweekisjustasgoodasthefirst,

thenthetwo-weekvacation

istwiceasgoodastheone-weekvacation.

That'

snotthewayitworksatallfortherememberingself.

Fortherememberingself,atwo-weekvacation

isbarelybetterthantheone-weekvacation

becausetherearenonewmemoriesadded.

Youhavenotchangedthestory.

Andinthisway,

timeisactuallythecriticalvariable

thatdistinguishesarememberingself

fromanexperiencingself;

timehasverylittleimpactonthestory.

08:

Now,therememberingselfdoesmore

thanrememberandtellstories.

Itisactuallytheonethatmakesdecisions

because,ifyouhaveapatientwhohashad,say,

twocolonoscopieswithtwodifferentsurgeons

andisdecidingwhichofthemtochoose,

thentheonethatchooses

istheonethathasthememorythatislessbad,

andthat'

sthesurgeonthatwillbechosen.

Theexperiencingself

hasnovoiceinthischoice.

Weactuallydon'

tchoosebetweenexperiences,

wechoosebetweenmemoriesofexperiences.

Andevenwhenwethinkaboutthefuture,

wedon'

tthinkofourfuturenormallyasexperiences.

Wethinkofourfuture

asanticipatedmemories.

Andbasicallyyoucanlookatthis,

youknow,asatyrannyoftherememberingself,

andyoucanthinkoftherememberingselfsortofdraggingtheexperiencingself

throughexperiencesthat

theexperiencingselfdoesn'

tneed.

09:

Ihavethatsensethat

whenwegoonvacations

thisisveryfrequentlythecase;

thatis,wegoonvacations,

toaverylargeextent,

intheserviceofourrememberingself.

AndthisisabithardtojustifyIthink.

Imean,howmuchdoweconsumeourmemories?

Thatisoneoftheexplanations

thatisgivenforthedominance

oftherememberingself.

AndwhenIthinkaboutthat,IthinkaboutavacationwehadinAntarcticaafewyearsago,

whichwasclearlythebestvacationI'

veeverhad,

andIthinkofitrelativelyoften,

relativetohowmuchIthinkofothervacations.

AndIprobablyhaveconsumed

mymemoriesofthatthree-weektrip,Iwouldsay,

forabout25minutesinthelastfouryears.

Now,ifIhadeveropenedthefolder

withthe600picturesinit,

Iwouldhavespentanotherhour.

Now,thatisthreeweeks,

andthatisatmostanhourandahalf.

Thereseemstobeadiscrepancy.

Now,Imaybeabitextreme,youknow,

inhowlittleappetiteIhaveforconsumingmemories,

butevenifyoudomoreofthis,

thereisagenuinequestion:

Whydoweputsomuchweightonmemory

relativetotheweightthatweputonexperiences?

10:

SoIwantyoutothink

aboutathoughtexperiment.

Imaginethatforyournextvacation,

youknowthatattheendofthevacation

allyourpictureswillbedestroyed,

andyou'

llgetanamnesicdrug

sothatyouwon'

trememberanything.

Now,wouldyouchoosethesamevacation?

（Laughter）

Andifyouwouldchooseadifferentvacation,

thereisaconflictbetweenyourtwoselves,

andyouneedtothinkabouthowtoadjudicatethatconflict,

sactual

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