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在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。

把握全文论点。

弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。

体裁演练（2017·

北京卷）

Hollywood'

stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awellknownmathematicianNorbertWiener，whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论），putitthisway：

“Ifweuse，toachieveourpurposes，amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预），wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality，onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings：

awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine，thisqualityisnotinborn，norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans；

itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee，itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful，then，wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined，superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown，withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall，usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately，thatplanseemsunlikelytowork：

wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans，letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand，asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933，famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated，withconfidence，“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However，onSeptember12,1933，physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutroninduced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.

1．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________.

A．runoutofhumancontrol

B．satisfyhuman'

srealdesires

C．commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D．workfasterthanamathematician

2．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________.

A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D．beathumansininternationalchessmatches

3．Accordingtosomeresearchers，wecanusefirewallsto________.

A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B．besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C．keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D．avoidrobots'

affectingtheworld

4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.

C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

D．Itwillstayforadecade.

【能力提升】

A

Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting，andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours？

Tounderstandtheissue，let'

stakealookatthreetypesof“waits”．

TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatchedPotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink（洗碗池）asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit'

sfull.Duringthesewaits，thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.

AcousintotheWatchedPotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil，addmix，simmerthreeminutes，removefromheat，letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall，ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.

PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLuckyBreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait，whichisalsovoluntary，waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.

Turningone'

slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope，andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes，buttheLuckyBreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn'

tcometorelyonit，wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.

Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou'

restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou'

llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky，don'

tbedesperate.You'

reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.

1．WhiledoingaWatchedPotWait，wetendto________.

A．keepourselvesbusyB．getabsentminded

C．growanxiousD．stayfocused

2．WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatchedPotWait?

A．TheForcedWaitrequiressomeselfcontrol.

B．TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.

C．TheWatchedPotWaitneedsdirections.

D．TheWatchedPotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.

3．WhatcanwelearnabouttheLuckyBreakWait?

A．ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.

B．Itdoesn'

talwaysbringthedesiredresult.

C．ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.

D．Itdoesn'

tgivepeoplefaithandhope.

4．Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?

A．Takeitseriously.B．Don'

trelyonothers.

C．Dosomethingelse.D．Don'

tloseheart.

B

ItoldmyfriendGrahamthatIoftencycletwomilesfrommyhousetothetowncentrebutunfortunatelythereisabighillontheroute.Hereplied,“Youmeanfortunately.”HeexplainedthatIshouldbegladoftheextraexercisethatthehillprovided.

Myattitudetothehillhasnowchanged.IusedtocomplainasIapproacheditbutnowItellmyselfthefollowing.Thishillwillexercisemyheartandlungs.Itwillhelpmetoloseweightandgetfit.ItwillmeanthatIlivelonger.Thishillismyfriend.FinallyIcomfortmyselfwiththethoughtofallthosesillypeoplewhopaymoneytogotoagymandsitonstationeryexercisebicycleswhenIcangetthesamevalueforfree.IhaveasmileofsatisfactionasIreachthetopofthehill.

Problemsaretheretobefacedandovercome.Wecannotachieveanythingwithaneasylife.HelenKellerwasthefirstdeafandblindpersontogainauniversitydegree.Heractivismandwritingprovedinspirational.Shewrote,“Charactercannotbedevelopedinease.Onlythroughexperiencesofsufferingcanthesoulbestrengthened,visioncleared,ambitioninspiredandsuccessachieved.”

Oneofthemaindeterminantsofsuccessinlifeisourattitudetowardsadversity（逆境）.Fromtimetotimeweallfacehardships,problems,accidentsanddifficulties.Someareofourmakingbutmanyarenofaultofourown.Whilewecannotchoosetheadversity,wecanchooseourattitudetowardsit.

DouglasBaderwas21whenin1931hehadbothlegscutofffollowingaflyingaccident.HewasdeterminedtoflyagainandwentontobecomeoneoftheleadingflyingaviatorsintheBattleofBritainwith22aerialvictoriesovertheGermans.Hewasaninspirationtoothersduringthewar.Hesaid,“Don'

tlistentoanyonewhotellsyouthatyoucan'

tdothisorthat.That'

snonsense.Makeupyourmind,you'

llneverusecrutches（拐杖）orastick,andthenhaveagoateverything.Gotoschool,andjoininallthegamesyoucan.Goanywhereyouwantto.Butnever,neverletthempersuadeyouthatthingsaretoodifficultorimpossible.”

Thebiographiesofgreatpeoplearefullofexamplesofhowtheytookstepstoovercomethedifficultiestheyfaced.Thecommonthreadisthattheydidnotbecomedepressed.Theychosetheirattitude.Theychosetobepositive.Theytookonthechallenge.Theywon.

Nevertheless,thereisstilltheproblemofhowyouchangeyourattitudetowardsadversity.

5．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthorofthepassage?

A．Goingtoagymisgreatlybeneficialtopeople'

shealth.

B．Climbinghillsonbicyclesisthebestwaytotakeexercise.

C．Thosewhowanttoachievesuccesscan'

texpecttoliveaneasylife.

D．People'

sattitudetoadversityistheonlyfactoroftheirsuccess.

6．ByquotingwhatDouglasBadersaid,theauthorintendstotellus“________”．

A．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

B．Abadworkmanquarrelswithhistools.

C．Ifyourisknothing,youwillhavenothing.

D．Nothingisdifficulttothemanwhowilltry.

7．Followingthispassage,theauthorwillfurthertalkabout________.

A．howhisfriendhelpedhimtochange