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veenduredatleastone—andpossiblyquiteafew—boringorirritatingpresentations.Regardlessofwhetherthepresentermumbled,fidgeted,orsimplyfailedtokeeptheaudience'

sattention,badpresentationscanwastetime,costmoney,andevendamagereputations.

Yetevenifyouhaveminimalpublic-speakingexperience,youcanstillgiveaneffective,interestingpresentation.Halfthebattleissimplynotengaginginthebehaviorsthatcanturnaudiencesoff.Byavoidingthefollowingall-too-commonmistakes,you'

llbewellonyourwaytoasuccessful,informativepresentation.

1.Skipthepracticesessions.

Evenifyouknowyoursubjectmatterlikethebackofyourhandorhavegivendozensofsimilartalks,it'

sstillagoodideatowalkthroughyourpresentationafewtimesbeforeyoutakeitinfrontofacrowd.

Practicingyourpresentationoutloud—preferablyinfrontofafriend,colleague,videocamera,orevenamirror—canhelpyoutroubleshootallaspectsofyourspeech.Usethispracticetimetomakesureyourprojectorworks,yourvoicecanbeheardfromthebackoftheroom,andthatyourtalkdoesn'

trunovertime.Adryruncanalsohelpyouperfectyourbodylanguageandtone,whichstudieshaveshowncanhavejustasmuchofanimpactonyouraudienceastheactualcontentofyourpresentation.

Ifyouareusinganoverheadprojectororothervisuals,makeanotecardforeachslideoutliningsupportinginformationforthemainpointsyouplantoaddress.Don'

twriteoutyourentirespeechword-for-wordonnotecards,however;

thenotesaremerelytheretokeepyourspeechfocusedandorganizedandtoprovideasafetynetshouldyouloseyourtrainofthought.

2.Readfromyourslidesverbatim.

Whilepresentationslidescanhelpvisuallyhighlightthemainpointsofyourtalk,onemajorpresentationfauxpasisreadingdirectlyfromthoseslideswithoutaddinganyadditionalinformation.

Infact,readingdirectlyfromaslideisthemostcommonslipuppresentersmake,accordingtoAndyGoodman,authorofthebookWhyBadPresentationsHappentoGoodCauses.

"

EverywhereIgo,whenIaskpeople'

What'

sthenumberoneproblemyouhavewithpresenters?

'

saidGoodman,"

readingtheslidealwayscomesback,withoutfail."

Insteadofrepeatingexactlywhatyou'

vewritten,elaborateontheslide'

smainideaswithadditional,contextualinformation.Otherwise,youraudiencemaywonderwhyyourpresentationwasevennecessary."

Ifallyou'

redoingisreadingpointsoftheslide,"

thenwhynotjustprintouttheslides,handthemtopeople,andcallthewholemeetingoff?

3.Stareatyournotes,handouts,orthefloor.

Whileyouwillneedtoglanceatyournotesperiodicallytokeepyourspeechontrack,trytokeepyourheadupandfacingtheaudienceasmuchaspossible.

Facingtheaudiencenotonlyhelpsyoumakeeyecontactwithindividualmembersbutitalsoallowsyoutoprojectyourvoicebetter,whichwillcomeinespeciallyhandyifnomicrophoneisavailable.

4.Speakinmonotone.

Ifyouwanttokeepyouraudienceengagedandexcitedaboutyourpresentation,yourtoneofvoiceneedstoconveyasimilarenthusiasm.Afterall,howcananaudiencestayinterestedinyourpresentationifyouyourselfsoundboredwithit?

Toavoidspeakinginmonotone,trytalkingtoyouraudienceinaconversationalstyle;

pretendthatinsteadoftalkingtoagroupofpeople,youarechattingwithjustoneperson.Evenifyoursubjectmatterisdry,maintainingalivelytoneofvoicewillhelpensurethatyoudon'

tmakemattersduller.

5.Talkreallyfast,thenreallyslowly.

Whilevaryingthetoneofyourvoicecanhelpkeepyouraudiencefromnoddingoffduringyourpresentation,youwillprobablywanttomaintainafairlyconsistentrhythmtoyourspeech.

Ifyouspeaktooquickly,youraudiencemaymishearormisinterpretyou.Andifyoutalktooslowlyorinterjectyourpresentationwithtoomanypauses,"

ums,"

or"

ers,"

youraudiencemaylosepatienceorconfidenceinyouandstarttozoneout.Formaximumeffectiveness,striveforahappymedium;

ifyou'

reunsurewhereyourspeechfalls,thisisagoodtimetogetasecondopinionortorecordandplaybackyourdelivery.

6.Assumeyouraudienceknowsasmuchasyoudo.

IfyoudesignedandcreatedaslideshowforyourpresentationusingaprogramsuchasOpenOfficeImpressorMicrosoftPowerPoint,alloftheinformationprobablymakescompletesense—atleasttoyou.Youraudience,however,maybeonlyvaguelyfamiliarwithorevenbrandnewtothesubject.

Makesureyouraudienceunderstandswhythetopicathandisimportant.Givepotentiallyconfusingpointscontextbyprovidingbackgroundinformation;

findawaytorelatenewconceptstosomethingyouraudienceisalreadyfamiliarwith.

Takecare,however,nottooverburdenyouraudiencewithtoomuchinformation;

otherwise,youmaytakefocusoffofyourmainsubjectandriskderailingyourpresentation.

7.Takequestionsattheendofyourpresentationonly.

Aneffectivepresentationislessaboutlecturingyouraudienceandmoreaboutengagingthem.Therefore,giveparticipantsafewmomentstoaskforclarification,raiseadditionalpoints,orprovideinputthatotheraudiencemembersmayfinduseful.

Onemistakethatmanypresentersmakeiswaitinguntiltheendofthepresentationtotakequestionsfromtheaudience,accordingtoGoodman.Hesuggeststhatpresentersinsteadholdthequestion-and-answerperiodafterthey'

vegiventhebulkoftheirpresentation,thendevotethelastcoupleofminutestoapreparedclosingstatement.

Youwanttostartstrongandyouwanttoendstrong,"

becausethethingsthey[theaudience]aregoingtorememberthemostarewhenyoufirstwalkedintotheroomandwhenyousaidgoodbye."

Goodmannotesthatbecausesomeaudiencemembersmayaskquestionsthatareoff-topic,nonsensical,orevenhostile,endingyourpresentationwiththequestion-and-answerperiodputsyouatriskforleavingabadfinalimpression.

8.Failtohaveabackupplan.

Technicaldifficultiesareafactoflife,andifyoubelieveinMurphy'

sLaw,yourbigpresentationwillfallonthesamedaythateveryelectronicdeviceinyourbuildingacquiressomebizarrequirk.

Murphy’slaw 

Anythingthatcangowrong,willgowrong"

9.

Incaseofpowerfailures,equipmentmalfunctions,andotherunforeseensnags,haveabackupplan.Bringvisualsandothersupportmaterialsthatdon'

trequiretheuseofanelectricaloutlet.

Thiskindofbackupcanbeespeciallyhelpfulifyou'

regivingthepresentationusingunfamiliarequipment;

ifforsomereason,youcan'

tgetyournewslideprojectortowork,youcanhandoutprintedcopiesorgiveyourpresentationusingawhiteboard.Ifyou'

regivingapresentationinanotherlocation,callaheadtofindoutwhatmaterials（dry-eraseboard,markers）theyhavethatyoucoulduseintheeventofatechnicalglitch.