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4.Itgetsdarkearlyatthistimeoftheyear.老天爷
5.Howisitgoingatschool?
情形进行的如安在学校
6.Howdoyoulikehere?
here为副词
Howdoyoulikeithere?
Ilikeit（here）verymuch.
Howdoyoulikeit?
Whatdoyoulike?
b.形式主词it
1.Itisimportanttokeepapromise.
2.Itisnoteasytogetoutofabadhabit.
3.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
4.Itisimportantthatyouobeytherules.
5.Itmakesnodifferencehowyoudoit.你怎么做都没有不同
c.形式受词
1.Airtankmakeitpossiblefordiverstobreatheunderwater.
2.Ifound（that）itwassurprisingthatshedidn’tknowwhoMichaelJordanwas.
Ifounditsurprisingthatshedidn’tknowwhoMichaelJordanwas.
find,think,consider,believe,make+it+O.C.（受词补语）+that子句
d.Itbe~that~的强调句（参照特殊构句部份）
e.其他重要表现
1.Itcostthirtydollarstofixthecomputer.cost只能花钱
2.Ittakestwohourstogettotheairport.take只能花时刻
3.Itakeitforgrantedthattheygotdivorced.视~为理所固然
5）所有代名词
所有代名词=所有格+名词
my>
mine
his>
his
her>
hers
its>
its
（1）一样用法
1.Mycostisbrown,andhisisblack.
2.Yourbikeissodifferentfrommine.
（2）双重所有格
由于a,this,that,some,her,his等不可同时显现
故用a,this,that,some等+名词+of+所有代名词
herabook>
abookofhers（abookofherbooks）
1.Ihappenedtomeetafriendofmine/oneofmyfriendsatthestation.
2.Ireallylikethatcharmingsmileofhers.更强调是某人的
Ireallylikehercharmingsmile.
（3）惯用表现
1.Yourssincerely（truly,faithfully）.
敬上
2.Withbestwishestoyouandyours.
竭诚祝愿你和你的家人
6）反身代名词
（1）
1.Youshouldaccustomyourselftoyournewsurroundings.
2.IhaveneverbeentoParismyself,butIhearit'
snice.
ImyselfhaveneverbeentoParis,butIhearit'
snice
3.Lisa'
smomlookedatherinthemirror.Lisa妈看Lisa
Lisa'
smomlookedatherselfinthemirror.Lisa妈看自己
（2）惯用表现
1.Helpyourselfto（prep.）thefood.自行取用食物
2.Takecareofyourself.
Takecare.
3.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.请不要拘谨
Takeiteasy.放松
4.Icouldn’tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.
5.Didyoutieyoursshoelacesbyyourself/alone?
6.Lookupthewordinthedictionaryforyourself?
lookupthewordinthedictionary/consultthedictionaryfortheword
talktooneself
dressoneself
behaveoneself
enjoyoneself
hurtoneself
introduceoneself
seatoneself坐下
besideoneself忘形
cometooneself恢复知觉
垦丁,台湾地名
1.Pleaseallowmetointroducemyself.
2.Shewasbesideherselfwithjoy.他快乐得忘了形
beside为介系词,不可置于名词后
3.Hesooncametohimself.
二、指示代名词
1）this（these）,that（those）
a.一样用法
1.Thisismyson,andthatismydaughter.
2.ThisisnotthedessertIordered.
3.Lotsofpeoplegoabroadthesedays.最近
b.用语
1.—Whoisthis/it,please?
—ThisisDavid（speaking）.
Youhaveawrongnumber.你打错了
c.this,this表前述句子
1.Tobeornottobe—thatisthequestion.
生或死?
那是问题所在
2.Wehavetherighttoexpressouropinionsfreely.Thatiscalledfreedomofspeech.言论自由
d.this指后续的句子
1.I'
lljustsaythis—youshouldfollowyourfather'
sadvice.
2.Hetoldmetocallher—thisIdidatonce.
e.this（these）表[后者],that（those）表[前者]
1.Workandplayarebothnecessarytohealth;
thisgivesusrestandthatgivesusenergy.
先提到的远（that）前者,后提到的近（this）>
后者
2.Tobaccoandalcoholarebothinjurious;
butthis/thelatterislessinjuriousthanthat/theformer.
f.that（those）可幸免名词重复,无this
1.Ourclimate（inourcountry）ismilderthanthat（theclimate）ofIndia.
代替名词
one=a/an+N
it=the+N
N+修饰语=that
2.Smokers’lungsaremorelikelytogetcancerthanthoseofnonsmokers.
g.this/that的惯用法
1.Shewenttothisdoctorandthat.她四处求医
2.Wetalkaboutthisandthat.各类各样的东西
Wetalkaboutthis,thatandtheother.
3.Atthis,shestoodup.听到那个,她就站了起来
4.Withthis,helefttheroom.如此说着就；
说完那个就
5.Heyawned,andthatveryoften.
6.It’sanidea;
andagoodoneatthat.而且
7.Hetoldmeabouthistripandwhatheboughtandallthat.诸如此类
8.Hekissedherandwiththat/andthenheleft.于是；
然后就
h.this,that可当副词,用以增强语气
1.ThisfishIcaughtwasthisbig.
2.Ididn’tyouwerethattired.
2）so
a.当动作的受词
1.HetoldmetowaitinlineandIdidso.
2.—Doyouthinkitwillbesunnytomorrow?
—Ihopeso./Ihopenot.
b.当补语
1.Isthatso?
是那样吗?
2.Doyoustillfeelsick?
Ifso（sick）,youmustseethedoctor.
Youmakemesick.你使我恶心
c.当程度副词
1.Don’ttalksofast.
2.Ioftendonatemoneytocharity,andsodoesmywife.
Thegreatestgiftwehaveisourhealth,andsoitis.
d.惯用表现
1.Theysellapples,oranges,bananas,andsoon.
2.—It’srisky.
—Maybe.Butevenso,Ihavetodoit.即便如此
3.Hestayedhereayearorso.大约
3）such
a.such+（a）+（形容词）+名词
1.Idon’tknowsuchaman.如此的人
2.Ihaveneverheardsuchnonsenseinallmylife.如此荒唐的话
b.all（any,few等）+such+名词
1.Haveyoutastedanysuchfoodbefore?
任何如此的食物
2.Ilikelions,tigersandsomesuchwildanimals.一些这种的野兽
c.惯用表现
1.IvisitedseveralEuropeancountries,suchas/likeFrance,ItalyandSwitzerland.
Forexample/instance+子句
2.Ihaveneverreadbookssuchashementioned.
Idon’tlikesuchfishasaneel.我不喜爱鳗鱼之类的鱼
3.Heisagentlemanandmustbetreatedassuch.以对待绅士的方式待他
4.Myincome,suchasitis,supportsmyfamily.尽管不怎么好
suchastheyare复数时
5.Thenewsgavehersuchashock（that）shenearlyfainted.
such有形容词的特性,so有副词的特性
4）same
a.一样用法（今世名词,形容词）
1.Isaiditwasagoodbuyandshesaidthesame/so.
2.Idon’tliketohavethesamefoodeveryday.
b.thesame~as+名词/子句
thesame~that+子句
1.Iwantthesameshoesasyours.
2.HeisthesamemanthatIsawyesterday.
HeisthesamemanasIsawyesterday.
thesame只能用that
1.Hisopinionabouthisplanismuchthesameasyours.几乎一模一样
Hisopinionabouthisplanisverydifferentfromyours.
2.Heisrude,butIlikehimallthesame.仍然
3.It’sallthesametome.对…说来都一样；
无所谓
Itmakesnodifferencetome.对…说来都一样；
4.—HappyNewYear.
—（The）sametoyou.
5.Youmaygotodayortomorrow;
itcomestothesamething.终归结果都一样
三、不定代名词（表示不特定的人或物,或不定数量的代名词）
1）one
a.one=a/an+单数名词无穷定（同类物品）
the+名词=it有限定（同一件物品）
1.I’dliketoborrowahammerifyouhaveone.
2.Didyoubringthetextbook?
No,Ididn’tbringit.
b.加修饰语
1.Ilostmyumbrellayesterday;
Imustbuyanewone.
2.Thesebootshavewornout.Ineedtobuysomenewones.复数
3.Ilikethatpicture—Imeanthethirdonefromtheleft.
4.TheguitarissimilartotheoneIhave.
one不可代替不可数名词
Helikeswhitewinebetterthanred（wine）.
1.Sheisnurseandmother（all）inonetotheorphans.
2.Theyleftby/inonesandtwos.三三两两
3.Theycame,oneandall,towelcomehim.全都；
人人
4.Theteacherinterviewedthestudentsonebyone.
5.I,forone,donotagree.就我个人来讲
2）both/all
a.both二者,all三者上
1.Bothofmyparentsarehappyabouttheresult.
Bothofmyparentsarenothappyabouttheresult.部份否定,并非二者都
Neither（None）ofmyparentsarenothappyabouttheresult.全数否定
2.All（the）villagersknewoftheaccident.形容词
Allofthevillagersknewoftheaccident.代名词
Thevillagersallknewoftheaccident.同位格
knowsth.亲眼所见knowabout/ofsth.道听途说
b.All+单数名词>
表全部
1.Itrainedallafternoon.
2.Allthetown/thewholetownwasdestroyed.
3.Theyjoggedalltheway.
c.All+抽象名词/躯体部位的复数
1.Theladywasallsmiles.这位女士满脸笑容
2.Shewasallears.她专注地听
3.Hisfingersareallthumbs.满手都是大拇指（笨手笨脚）
d.All的惯用表现
1.Thereare700boysandgirlsinall.总共，合计.
2.Heatethemeat,boneandall.连…一齐都
他把肉连同骨头都吃光光
3.Wehaveallbut/almostfinishedthework.几乎，差一点
atall
aboveall尤其是
firstofall第一
forallIknow就我所知
allatonce（allofasudden）突然
forall尽管
1.Thedressdoesnotsuitheratall.
2.Didyoufallow/takethedoctor’sadviceatall?
3.IfyoulearnEnglishatall,learnitwell.
4.Forall/inspiteofherefforts,shefailed.
3）some/any
a.表示[一些]
确信句some
否定句,疑问句,条件句any
1.Ineedsomecoins.Haveyougotany?
2.Pleaselendmesomemoneyifyouhaveany.
b.some表[某个]
any表[任何一个~都~]
1.Howabouthavingdinneratsomegoodrestaurant?
restaurant单数
2.Anyofthemagazineswilldo.
c.Some用于疑问句
表示邀请或请求的疑问句
或当说话希望取得确信的答案时
1.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?
2.Ifyoueatsomecabbage,I’lltakeyoutothepark.
d.some与any的副词用法
some大约
any一点点[也]…
1.Somefortypeoplewerepresentattheparty.大约四十人
2.Ican’trunanyfaster.
Ican’twaitanylonger.
3.It’snotanybigforyou.
e.惯用表现
1.IhopetovisitLondonsomeday.
someday以后式oneday过去式;
以后式
2.Let’sdiscussitsomeotherday.改日
3.We’llcallonhiminanycase.不管如何
callon+人callat+地
4.Hewasdeterminedtofinishtheworkatanylost.不吝一切代价
5.Correctmistakes,ifany.假设有的话
6.Thereislittlewater,ifany.即便有
即便有水,也很少
4）other/anther
1.Idon’tlikethisone;
pleaseshowmetheother.只有两个
Idon’tlikethisone;
pleaseshowmeanother.不止两个
2.Wouldyoulikeanotherpieceofpie?
b.用于列举
1.Ihavetwosisters:
oneismarriedandtheotherisnot.
2.Ihavethreesisters:
oneissociable,buttheothersaretooshy.
数量为三时o
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