跨文化交际整理版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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establishedwithothers;
giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;
andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.
3>
Collectivist集体主义
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups（families,workunits,tribes,nations）,andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals*MostAsiancultures,includingChinaS,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;
areprimarilymotivatedbythenormso齐anddutiesimposedby?
thosecollectives;
arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;
andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures*
4、publicbehavior/privatebehavior
Publicbehavioristhebehaviorinpublicsettings,
suchasinworkplaces,shopsandsoon.Privatebehavioristhebehaviorinprivatelife,suchaswhenyouareathomeorwithyourfamilyandsoon.Bothindividualistandcollectivistcultures
makeadistinctionbetweenpubliclifeandprivatelife.However,individualistWestern
culturestendtomakeanespeciallyclearandfirmdistinctionbetweenthepublicandprivate,andgenerallyfeelthatthesetwoaspectsoflifeshouldbekeptseparatefromeachother.Inotherwords,Westernerstendtobelievethat
withsomeonethatpersonin
havingapersonalrelationshipshouldnotaffecthowyoutreatpublic,work-relatedsituations.
5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26
It'
aneutralwordwhichisageneralconclusiondrawingfromparticularexamplesorevidence.（Inanyculturegrouptherewillbemanydifferentbeliefsrepresented,butmostofthemembersofthegroupwilltendinacertain
direction.Itisthis"
preponderaneeofbelief,"
—
notuniformaeeeptaneeofagivenbelief—thatgivesacultureitsnatureandisthelegitimatesubjectofgeneralization.Peopleinthesameculturesharemanythingsincommon,suchassharedknowledge,sharedvalues,sharedperspectives,sharedbeliefs,sharedbehavior.）6、Stereotypes老套思路P26
Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.（Awayofthinkingthatdoesnotacknowledgeinternaldiffereneewithinagroup,anddoesnotacknowledgeexceptiontoitsgeneralrulesorprinciples.Thesestereotypesareoftenbasedonaccurateinformationbuttheproblemisthatstereotypesblindustoother,equallyimportantaspectsofaperson'
scharacterorbehavior.Stereotypesmayhavebeencreatedbydirectexperieneewithonlyoneortwopeoplefromaparticulargroup.Others
areprobablybasedonthesecond-handinformationandopinion,outputfromthemassmedia,andgeneralhabitsofthinking;
theymayevenhavebeenformedwithoutanydirectexperiencewithindividualsfromthegroup.Yetmanypeoplearepreparedtoassumethatstereotypeisanaccuraterepresentationofallmembersofaspecificgroup.）
7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33
Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.
1）Westernersgenerallyhavelessrespectforseniority—age,positionandsoforth—thanwouldbethecaseinacollectivistculture.
2）Westernsocietiesoftentrytolimitthepowerofgovernmentofficials.
3）Westernerstendtohaveasomewhatsuspiciousandevennegativeviewofpowerandauthority.
&
Cultureshock文化冲击P36
Cultureshockisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperieneecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock——andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
9、ProjectedculturalsimilarityP48
Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,
andspeakdifferentIanguages,"
insideweareallmoreorlessthesame"
.Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink.Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'
tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.
10、loosecultureandtightculture
Looseculturedoesn'
demandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Theyalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Andthereislesspressureonindividualswithinthesameculturetobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.
Tightculture:
expectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehaviorandthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.
Hereisanexampleofhowpeopledealwithpeoplewhoarebornleft-handed.Intightcultures,childrenwhofavortheirlefthandareencouragedorevenforcedtousetheirrighthandinstead,andthepercentageofleft-handedpeopleintheadultpopulationismuchsmaller.
11、Ethnocentrism民族优越感P59
"
Ethnocentrism"
isthetendencytothinkofone'
owncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldandidentifywithone'
in-groupandtoevaluateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandards;
inotherwords,toassumethatone'
sownculture'
swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact,andtendtoviewone'
ownculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsasmorereal,orasthe‘rightandnaturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthings.
12、In-groupsandout-groupsP70
In-Groups:
In-groups”arethepeoplewehave
themostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.
In-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfareweareconcerned,withwhomwearewillingtocooperatewithoutdemandingequitablereturns,andseparationfromwhomleadstodiscomfortorevenpain.
Out-groups:
outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Out-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfarewearenotconcerned,andgroupswithwhomwerequireanequitablereturninordertocooperate.
13、warstoriesP80
Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”fersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.
问答题
1、Whywouldinterculturalcommunicationbemoredifficultthanthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromthesameculture?
（Whyisithardtolearnaforeignculture?
）先定义interculturalcommunication
1）Sixstumblingblocks
2）Assumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesleadstomisunderstanding
3）Languagedifferenee
4）Misinterpretingverbalcommunicationand
bodyIanguagefromothercountry
5）Stereotypeandpreconceptions
6）Evaluatebeforereallyunderstanding
7）Interactwithforeignersstressfullyandsufferfromcultureshock
8）Tendtogeneralizeorsimplify
9）Tendtodefinegroupsbyafewkeycharacteristic
10）Assumeeveryoneissimilar
2、Whataresomedifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?
AreallWesternersindividual?
AreallChinesecollectivist?
先定义individualist和collectivist
（1）Westernerstendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible-andtheyusuallyexpectotherpeopletodothesame.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeeltheyhavearighttoexpecthelpfromothermembersoftheirgroups（family,classmates,andsoforth）,andtheyalsotendtofeeltheyhaveanobligationtohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.
（2）Westernersgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargergroup,oratleastthatindividualsshouldhavetorigh
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