计算机英语monitorWord下载.docx

计算机英语monitorWord下载.docx

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o3.1Phosphorburn-in

o3.2Plasmaburn-in

o3.3Glare

o3.4Colourmisregistration

o3.5Incompletespectrum

∙4Displayinterfaces

o4.1Computerterminals

o4.2Compositesignal

o4.3Digitaldisplays

▪4.3.1TTLmonitors

▪4.3.2Singlecolorscreens

∙5Moderntechnology

o5.1Analogmonitors

o5.2Digitalandanalogcombination

o5.3Digitalmonitors

∙6Configurationandusage

o6.1Multiplemonitors

o6.2Multiplevideosources

o6.3Virtualdisplays

∙7Additionalfeatures

o7.1Powersaving

o7.2Integratedaccessories

o7.3Glossyscreen

o7.4Directionalscreen

o7.5Autopolyscopicscreen

o7.6Touchscreen

o7.7Tabletscreens

∙8Well-knownmanufacturers

∙9Seealso

∙10Externallinks

∙11References

Screensize

Mainarticles:

ViewableimagesizeandComputerdisplaystandard

Foranyrectangularsectiononaroundtube,thediagonalmeasurementisalsothediameterofthetube

Theareaofdisplayswithidenticaldiagonalmeasurementscanvarysubstantially

Thesizeofanapproximatelyrectangulardisplayisusuallygivenasthedistancebetweentwooppositescreencorners,thatis,thediagonaloftherectangle.Oneproblemwiththismethodisthatitdoesnottakeintoaccountthedisplayaspectratio,sothatforexamplea16:

921 

in（53 

cm）widescreendisplayisfarlesshigh,andhaslessarea,thana21 

cm）4:

3screen.The4:

3screenhasdimensionsof16.8 

×

12.6 

in（43 

32 

cm）andarea211 

sq 

in（1,360 

cm2）,whilethewidescreenis18.3 

10.3 

in（46 

26 

cm）,188 

in（1,210 

cm2）.Formanypurposestheheightofthedisplayisthemainparameter;

a16:

9displayneedsadiagonal22%largerthana4:

3displayforthesameheight.

ThismethodofmeasurementisinheritedfromthemethodusedforthefirstgenerationofCRTtelevision,whenpicturetubeswithcircularfaceswereincommonuse.Beingcircular,onlytheirdiameterwasneededtodescribetheirsize.Sincethesecirculartubeswereusedtodisplayrectangularimages,thediagonalmeasurementoftherectanglewasequivalenttothediameterofthetube'

sface.Thismethodcontinuedevenwhencathoderaytubesweremanufacturedasroundedrectangles;

ithadtheadvantageofbeingasinglenumberspecifyingthesize,andwasnotconfusingwhentheaspectratiowasuniversally4:

3.

Aproblematicpracticewastheuseofthesizeofamonitor'

simagingelement,ratherthanthesizeofitsviewableimage,whendescribingitssizeinpublicityandadvertisingmaterials.OnCRTdisplaysasubstantialportionoftheCRT'

sscreenisconcealedbehindthecase'

sbezelorshroudinordertohideareasoutsidethemonitor'

s"

safearea"

duetooverscan.Thesepracticeswereseenasdeceptive,andwidespreadconsumerobjectionandlawsuitseventuallyforcedmostmanufacturerstoinsteadmeasureviewablesize[citationneeded].

Performancemeasurements

Theperformanceofamonitorismeasuredbythefollowingparameters:

∙Luminanceismeasuredincandelaspersquaremeter（cd/m2alsocalledaNit）.

∙Viewableimagesizeismeasureddiagonally.ForCRTs,theviewablesizeistypically1 

in（25 

mm）smallerthanthetubeitself.

∙Aspectratiosistheratioofthehorizontallengthtotheverticallength.4:

3isthestandardaspectratio,forexample,sothatascreenwithawidthof1024pixelswillhaveaheightof768 

pixels.Ifawidescreendisplayhasanaspectratioof16:

9,adisplaythatis1024 

pixelswidewillhaveaheightof576 

pixels.

∙Displayresolutionisthenumberofdistinctpixelsineachdimensionthatcanbedisplayed.Maximumresolutionislimitedbydotpitch.

∙Dotpitchisthedistancebetweensubpixelsofthesamecolorinmillimeters.Ingeneral,thesmallerthedotpitch,thesharperthepicturewillappear.

∙Refreshrateisthenumberoftimesinasecondthatadisplayisilluminated.Maximumrefreshrateislimitedbyresponsetime.

∙Responsetimeisthetimeapixelinamonitortakestogofromactive（black）toinactive（white）andbacktoactive（black）again,measuredinmilliseconds.Lowernumbersmeanfastertransitionsandthereforefewervisibleimageartifacts.

∙Contrastratioistheratiooftheluminosityofthebrightestcolor（white）tothatofthedarkestcolor（black）thatthemonitoriscapableofproducing.

∙Powerconsumptionismeasuredinwatts.

∙Viewingangleisthemaximumangleatwhichimagesonthemonitorcanbeviewed,withoutexcessivedegradationtotheimage.Itismeasuredindegreeshorizontallyandvertically.

Comparison

CRT

Pros:

∙Highdynamicrange（uptoaround15,000:

1）,[2]excellentcolor,widegamutandlowblacklevel.ThecolorrangeofCRTsisunmatchedbyanydisplaytypeexceptOLED.

∙Candisplaynativelyinalmostanyresolutionandrefreshrate

∙Noinputlag

∙Sub-millisecondresponsetimes

∙Nearzerocolor,saturation,contrastorbrightnessdistortion.Excellentviewingangle.

∙UsuallymuchcheaperthanLCDorPlasmascreens.

∙Allowstheuseoflightguns/pens

Cons:

∙Largesizeandweight,especiallyforbiggerscreens（a20-inchunitweighsabout50 

lb（23 

kg））

∙Highpowerconsumption

∙Generatesaconsiderableamountofheatwhenrunning

∙Geometricdistortioncausedbyvariablebeamtraveldistances

∙Cansufferscreenburn-in

∙Producesnoticeableflickeratlowrefreshrates

∙Normallyonlyproducedin4:

3aspectratio（thoughsomewidescreenones,notablySony'

sFW900,doexist）

∙Hazardoustorepair/service

∙Effectiveverticalresolutionlimitedto1024scanlines.

∙Colordisplayscannotbemadeinsizessmallerthan7 

inches（5 

inchesformonochrome）.Maximumsizeisaround24 

inches（forcomputermonitors;

televisionsrunupto40 

inches）.

LCD

∙Verycompactandlight

∙Lowpowerconsumption

∙Nogeometricdistortion

∙Littleornoflickerdependingonbacklighttechnology

∙Notaffectedbyscreenburn-in

∙Nohighvoltageorotherhazardspresentduringrepair/service

∙MorereliablethanCRTs

∙Canbemadeinalmostanysizeorshape

∙Notheoreticalresolutionlimit

∙Limitedviewingangle,causingcolor,saturation,contrastandbrightnesstovary,evenwithintheintendedviewingangle,byvariationsinposture.

∙Bleedingandunevenbacklightinginsomemonitors,causingbrightnessdistortion,especiallytowardtheedges.

∙Slowresponsetimes,whichcausesmearingandghostingartifacts.However,thisismainlyaproblemwithpassive-matrixdisplays.Currentgenerationactive-matrixLCDshaveresponsetimesof6msforTFTpanelsand8msforS-IPS.

∙Onlyonenativeresolution.Displayingresolutionseitherrequiresavideoscaler,loweringperceptualquality,ordisplayat1:

1pixelmapping,inwhichimageswillbephysicallytoolargeorwon'

tfillthewholescreen.

∙Fixedbitdepth,manycheaperLCDsareonlyabletodisplay262,000colors.8-bitS-IPSpanelscandisplay16millioncolorsandhavesignificantlybetterblacklevel,butareexpensiveandhaveslowerresponsetime

∙Inputlag

∙Deadpixelsmayoccureitherduringmanufacturingorthroughuse.

∙Inaconstantonsituation,thermalizationmayoccur,whichiswhenonlypartofthescreenhasoverheatedandthereforelooksdiscoloredcomparedtotherestofthescreen.

∙NotallLCDdisplaysaredesignedtoalloweasyreplacementofthebacklight

∙Cannotbeusedwithlightguns/pens

Plasma

Mainarticle:

Plasmadisplay

∙Highcontrastratios（10,000:

1orgreater,）excellentcolor,andlowblacklevel.

∙Virtuallynoresponsetime

∙Nogeometricdistortion.

∙Softerandlessblocky-lookingpicturethanLCDs

∙Highlyscalable,withlessweightgainperincreaseinsize（fromlessthan30 

in（760 

mm）widetotheworld'

slargestat150 

in（3,800 

mm））.

∙Largepixelpitch,meaningeitherlowresolutionoralargescreen.Assuch,colorplasmadisplaysareonlyproducedinsizesover32 

inches.

∙Imageflickerduetobeingphosphor-based

∙Heavyweight

∙Glassscreencaninduceglareandreflections

∙Highoperatingtemperatureandpowerconsumption

∙Onlyhasonenativeresolution.Displayingotherresolutionsrequiresavideoscaler,whichdegradesimagequalityatlowerresolutions.

∙Fixedbitdepth.Plasmacellscanonlybeonoroff,resultinginamorelimitedcolorrangethanLCDsorCRTs.

∙Cansufferimageburn-in.Thiswasasevereproblemonearlyplasmadisplays,butmuchlessonnewerones

∙Deadpixelsarepossibleduringmanufacturing

Problems

Phosphorburn-in

Phosphorburn-inislocalizedagingofthephosphorlayerofaCRTscreenwhereithasdisplayedastaticimageforlongperio