计算机英语monitorWord下载.docx

1、o 3.1 Phosphor burn-in o 3.2 Plasma burn-in o 3.3 Glare o 3.4 Colour misregistration o 3.5 Incomplete spectrum 4 Display interfaces o 4.1 Computer terminals o 4.2 Composite signal o 4.3 Digital displays 4.3.1 TTL monitors 4.3.2 Single color screens 5 Modern technology o 5.1 Analog monitors o 5.2 Dig

2、ital and analog combination o 5.3 Digital monitors 6 Configuration and usage o 6.1 Multiple monitors o 6.2 Multiple video sources o 6.3 Virtual displays 7 Additional features o 7.1 Power saving o 7.2 Integrated accessories o 7.3 Glossy screen o 7.4 Directional screen o 7.5 Autopolyscopic screen o 7.

3、6 Touch screen o 7.7 Tablet screens 8 Well-known manufacturers 9 See also 10 External links 11 References Screen sizeMain articles: Viewable image size and Computer display standardFor any rectangular section on a round tube, the diagonal measurement is also the diameter of the tubeThe area of displ

4、ays with identical diagonal measurements can vary substantiallyThe size of an approximately rectangular display is usually given as the distance between two opposite screen corners, that is, the diagonal of the rectangle. One problem with this method is that it does not take into account the display

5、 aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21in （53cm） widescreen display is far less high, and has less area, than a 21cm） 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.812.6in （4332cm） and area 211sqin （1,360cm2）, while the widescreen is 18.310.3in （4626cm）, 188in （1,210cm2）. For many purposes th

6、e height of the display is the main parameter; a 16:9 display needs a diagonal 22% larger than a 4:3 display for the same height.This method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being c

7、ircular, only their diameter was needed to describe their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the rectangle was equivalent to the diameter of the tubes face. This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as round

8、ed rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3.A problematic practice was the use of the size of a monitors imaging element, rather than the size of its viewable image, when describing its size in publ

9、icity and advertising materials. On CRT displays a substantial portion of the CRTs screen is concealed behind the cases bezel or shroud in order to hide areas outside the monitors safe area due to overscan. These practices were seen as deceptive, and widespread consumer objection and lawsuits eventu

10、ally forced most manufacturers to instead measure viewable sizecitation needed.Performance measurementsThe performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters: Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter （cd/m2 also called a Nit）. Viewable image size is measured diagonally. For C

11、RTs, the viewable size is typically 1in （25mm） smaller than the tube itself. Aspect ratios is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. 4:3 is the standard aspect ratio, for example, so that a screen with a width of 1024 pixels will have a height of 768pixels. If a widescreen displa

12、y has an aspect ratio of 16:9, a display that is 1024pixels wide will have a height of 576pixels. Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. Maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch. Dot pitch is the distance between subpixels of the same color in

13、millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the picture will appear. Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time. Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active （black） to

14、inactive （white） and back to active （black） again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts. Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color （white） to that of the darkest color （black） that the monitor is capabl

15、e of producing. Power consumption is measured in watts. Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically. ComparisonCRTPros: High dynamic range （up to around 15,000:1）,2

16、excellent color, wide gamut and low black level. The color range of CRTs is unmatched by any display type except OLED. Can display natively in almost any resolution and refresh rate No input lag Sub-millisecond response times Near zero color, saturation, contrast or brightness distortion. Excellent

17、viewing angle. Usually much cheaper than LCD or Plasma screens. Allows the use of light guns/pens Cons: Large size and weight, especially for bigger screens （a 20-inch unit weighs about 50lb （23kg） High power consumption Generates a considerable amount of heat when running Geometric distortion cause

18、d by variable beam travel distances Can suffer screen burn-in Produces noticeable flicker at low refresh rates Normally only produced in 4:3 aspect ratio （though some widescreen ones, notably Sonys FW900, do exist） Hazardous to repair/service Effective vertical resolution limited to 1024 scan lines.

19、 Color displays cannot be made in sizes smaller than 7inches （5inches for monochrome）. Maximum size is around 24inches （for computer monitors; televisions run up to 40inches）. LCD Very compact and light Low power consumption No geometric distortion Little or no flicker depending on backlight technol

20、ogy Not affected by screen burn-in No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service More reliable than CRTs Can be made in almost any size or shape No theoretical resolution limit Limited viewing angle, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intende

21、d viewing angle, by variations in posture. Bleeding and uneven backlighting in some monitors, causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges. Slow response times, which cause smearing and ghosting artifacts. However, this is mainly a problem with passive-matrix displays. Current generati

22、on active-matrix LCDs have response times of 6 ms for TFT panels and 8 ms for S-IPS. Only one native resolution. Displaying resolutions either requires a video scaler, lowering perceptual quality, or display at 1:1 pixel mapping, in which images will be physically too large or wont fill the whole sc

23、reen. Fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000 colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time Input lag Dead pixels may occur either during manufacturing or through use. In

24、 a constant on situation, thermalization may occur, which is when only part of the screen has overheated and therefore looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen. Not all LCD displays are designed to allow easy replacement of the backlight Cannot be used with light guns/pens PlasmaMain arti

25、cle: Plasma display High contrast ratios （10,000:1 or greater,） excellent color, and low black level. Virtually no response time No geometric distortion. Softer and less blocky-looking picture than LCDs Highly scalable, with less weight gain per increase in size （from less than 30in （760mm） wide to

26、the worlds largest at 150in （3,800mm）. Large pixel pitch, meaning either low resolution or a large screen. As such, color plasma displays are only produced in sizes over 32inches. Image flicker due to being phosphor-based Heavy weight Glass screen can induce glare and reflections High operating temp

27、erature and power consumption Only has one native resolution. Displaying other resolutions requires a video scaler, which degrades image quality at lower resolutions. Fixed bit depth. Plasma cells can only be on or off, resulting in a more limited color range than LCDs or CRTs. Can suffer image burn-in. This was a severe problem on early plasma displays, but much less on newer ones Dead pixels are possible during manufacturing ProblemsPhosphor burn-inPhosphor burn-in is localized aging of the phosphor layer of a CRT screen where it has displayed a static image for long perio