职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文.docx

职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文.docx

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职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文

2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文

（红色为书中选项答案）

1BetterControlofTBSeenIfaFasterCureIsFound

TheWorldHealthOrganization1estimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeopleareinfectedwithbacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimes,theinfectionremainsinactive.ButeachyearabouteightmillionpeopledevelopactivecasesofTB,usuallyintheirlungs.Twomillionpeopledieofofit.ThediseasehasincreasedwiththespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.

Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Peoplehavetotakeacombinationofseveralantibioticdrugsdaily.Butmanypeoplestopassoonastheyfeelbetter.Doingthatcanleadtoaninfectionthatresiststreatment.Publichealthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefortuberculosiswouldbemoreeffective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthoweffectiveitmightbe.AprofessorofinternationalhealthatHarvardUniversity2ledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsaysashortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatientscured.Itwouldalsomeanfewerinfectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfectiontoothers.

Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsofatwo-monthtreatmentplan.TheytestedthemodelwithcurrentTBconditionsinSoutheastAsia.Thescientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldpreventabouttwentypercentofnewcases.Anditmightpreventabouttwenty-fivepercentofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthesereductionswouldtakeplacebetweentwothousandtwelveandtwothousandthirty.Thatis,ifafastercureisdevelopedandinwideusebytwothousandtwelve.

TheWorldHealthOrganizationreductionstheDOTS3programinnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.

Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopment4saysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.

2Goingonadiet（新增）

Atypicalpersonneedsabout1,800caloriesperdaytostayalive.Thesecalorieskeepyourheartbeatingandyourlungsbreathing.Theykeepyourorgansoperatingproperlyandyourbrainrunning.Theyalsokeepyourbodywarm.Apersongainsweightbecauseheorsheconsumesmorecaloriesperdaythanneeded.Theonlywaytolosefatistoreducethenumberofcaloriesthatyouconsumeperday.Thisisthebasicprinciplebehindgoingonadiet.

unfortunately，dietsdon'tworkformostpeople.Theydoloseweightbutthengooffthedietandputitback.Buildingasensibledietandexerciseplanisthekeytomaintainingaconsistentweight.Youneedtofigureouthowmanycaloriesyouneedinadayandhowmanyyouactuallytakein.Thenextstepistoadd，exercisesothatyoucanraisethenumberofcaloriesyoucanconsumeperday.

Exercisechartscanshowyouhowmanycaloriesdifferentformsofexercisecanburn.Burning250or500caloriesperdaycanmakeabigdifference.YoucanrideanexercisebikewhileyouarewatchingTVoryoucanclimbthestairsinsteadoftheelevator.Findanexercisepartner.Exercisecanbealoteasierifthereissomeonetotalkto.It'sagoodideatowearfirm-fittingclothesifyouareonadiet.tightclothingactsasareminderofwhatyouaretryingtoaccomplish.

3OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive

It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?

inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaivetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewmuchvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflicevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.

NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.

Howdowe_dealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?

SimpleKeepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.

4Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyOneThirdofCancers

Dietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.

Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer,buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesity.playamajorrole.

“Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,”hesaid.

Whiletobaccoisblinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.

Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcoholisknowntocausecancersofthemouth,throatandliver,Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.

KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500,000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.

EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway,SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.

Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saiditislookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.

5MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolence

Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.

"Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon'thearaboutitoften,"Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'sauthors,toldReutersHealth."Theyoftendon'ttell__and__wedon'task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem"

Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse,suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior（forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo）,andconstantname-calling.

Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartner__violenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.

Rateswerelowerformen55andolder,with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.

Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.

However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn'tasharshasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,comparedto61percentofwomen

Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealthproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.

*6Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatment

Bristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepillSometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,2forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.

Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.3Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.4Gileadcombinedtheothers,EmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.

Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhatisdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV

InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine5publishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscompareditseffectivenessto6thatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivircontainstwodrugs,AZT7and3TC.8Theresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatment,thenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwithfewersideeffects.9Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimore,Maryland,l