专题16 阅读理解说明类三年高考真题英语分项汇编解析版.docx
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专题16阅读理解说明类三年高考真题英语分项汇编解析版
三年(2017-2019)高考真题英语分项汇编
专题16阅读理解说明类
一、2019年高考真题
1.【2019·全国卷I,C】
Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.
ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:
asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.
Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.
Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.
28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?
A.Toreducepressureonkeys.B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping
C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.
29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?
A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.
B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.
C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.
D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.
30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?
all1osoisgitieocooll.
A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.
C.It'llbemadeofplastics.D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.
31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?
A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。
数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,目前,向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,而且这项技术也不贵。
28.D
【解析】细节理解题。
根据第一段的Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.和第二段的ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevicethatgetsaroundthisproblem:
asmartkeyboard.可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。
故选D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。
根据第二段的Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities可知,因为每个人的打字方式不同,使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。
故选C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。
根据最后一段的Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。
故选B。
31.D
【解析】推理判断题。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是关于科技,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自于一本杂志。
故选D。
2.【2019·全国卷I,D】
Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.
Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:
thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:
statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.
Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”
Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."
Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.
Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:
Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.
32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?
A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.
33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Theclassificationofthepopular.
B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.
C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.
D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior
34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?
A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.
B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.
C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.
D.Theyperformedwellacademically.
35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLast
B.TheHighertheStatus,theBeer
C.BetheBest-YouCanMakeIt
D.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。
文章主要讲到研究表明,对别人好,讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus(在美好的小学时光里,我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话,这让我保持了高高的社会地位。
)由此推断出,作者在小学早期时,是一个慷慨的女孩。
unkind不友善的;lonely寂寞的;generous慷慨的;cool冷静的,故选C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意题。
第二段MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:
thelikableandthestatusseekers.(临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:
讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。
)是段落主题句,本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释,所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类,故选A。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment(它清楚地表明,可爱可以促使健全的调整),由此推断出,心理学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明,最有人望的孩子适应性更强,故选B。
35.A
【解析】主旨大意题。
通过阅读全文内容,尤其是最后一段,可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎,讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
与选项A“对别人好——最终,你的收获无穷无尽”一致,故选A。
4.【2019·全国卷II,D】
Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?
It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.
HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.
“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?
’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”
GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?
GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.
32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?
A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.
C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.
33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?
A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.
C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation
34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?
A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideprojectdesigns
C.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.
35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.NASA:
TheHomeofAstronauts.
B.Space:
TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.
C.Nature:
AnOutdoorClassroom.
D.HUNCH:
ACollegeAdmissionReform.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。
本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术,把空间技术与带进课堂,与学校教育相结合,从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A
【解析】细节理解题。
根据第一段中的“Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.ThemicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知,细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。
这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长,宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。
也就是说它们很难去掉。
其中的“themicroorganisms”包括“bacteria”。
由此可知,A项符合题意。
33.D
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知,Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。
Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌,...”。
结合最后一段中的“Gordonstudentsareemailingdai