GRE作文笔记小宝.docx
《GRE作文笔记小宝.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《GRE作文笔记小宝.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
GRE作文笔记小宝
Argument
--ArrangedbyScholes88
1.审题,分析逻辑结构——1min
2.开头——4mins
3.正文——7mins/paragraph
4.结尾——3mins
5.检查——1~2mins
一、argument写作特点
驳论文:
驳的是logic
CAE=coclusion+assumption+evidence
二、argument整体结构
1、开头段:
归纳conclusion,指明逻辑错误个数
2、正文:
分类攻击各个错误(独立与组合)。
可在一个错误段中加一句攻击一个小错误
3、结尾段:
总结归纳
三、如何写开头段
发起攻击
CEF=conclusion+evidence+flaw
C:
80%的题目结论在段首末句,10%在段中,10%先提出一个结论然后自己再攻击自己
的结论
四、开头写法:
1.Merelybasedontheunfoundedassumptionsanddubious(suspicious)evidence,thestatement
drawstheconclusionthat….Tosubstantiate(support/strengthen)theconclusion,thearguer
pointsouttheevidencethat…Inaddition,heindicatesthat…Furthermore,hecitesaresultof
recentsurveyinsupportofhisrecommendation.Atfirstglance(sight),thisargumentappearsto
(seemsto)besomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssubstantiate
concernsthatshouldbeaddressedintheargument.Fromthelogicalperspective,theargument
suffersfromNlogicalflaws.
2.Inthisargument,theauthorconcludedthat…Tosupporthisconclusion,theauthorpointsout
that…Inaddition,heinfersthat…Furthermore,thearguercites…asatypicalevidencein
supportofhisrecommendation.However,thesealonedonotconstitutealogicalargumentin
favorofitsconclusion,andfailstoprovideconvincingevidencemakingthisargumentsoundand
invulnerable.
五、如何写正文段
顺序式攻击(1-2-3);主次式攻击(主要-次要);让步式攻击(逻辑排列)
A不成立;即使A成立,B也不成立;即使A,B都成立,C还是不成立。
六、正文段首句
1.Thethresholdproblemwiththisargumentisthat…
2.Anotherproblemthatweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthat…
3.BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutthelastflawinvolvedinthis
argument.
七、如何写结尾段:
总结陈词:
C+S=conclusion+suggestion
八、结尾段的具体写法:
Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiatehisclaimthat…,becausetheevidencehecitedinthe
analysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhattheargumentmaintains.Tomaketheargument
moreconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto….(S1).
Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat…(S2).Therefore,iftheargumenthadincluded
thegiven(assumed)factorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogically
acceptable.
九、各个逻辑错误:
1、调查类错误:
攻击体系:
(1)Procedure
B.Unlessthesurveyorsampledasufficientnumberof…anddidsorandomlyacrosstheentire
spectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge(access)…generally(universally).The
numberofresponds/samples,initself,doesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthe
samplesincludesonly…,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest…Orifthegrossesare
considerable,1500(N)wouldaccountforonlylittlepercentage,whichwouldrendertheresultof
thesurveymeaningless.
C.Wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponsesareanonymous,evenconfidential,ifthey
werenot…
(2)Resultofsurvey
A.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfulness?
B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?
C.Respondents
(3)Whoconductedthesurvey?
Cross-bencher第三方机构
Non-aligned客观的
(4)Whenwasthesurveyconducted?
Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywas
actuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,the
samplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthat
thesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitdoes,thelessreliabletheresults
toindicatecurrentinterestlevels.
(5)调查类错误词汇:
1.n.survey,questionnaire,statistics,statisticalstudy,sample,specimen(样本),sampling,
randomness,quantity,quality,statistic,poll,absolutevalue,percentage,validity,statisticvalidity,
range,spectrum,scope
2.v.select,chose,sample,indagate(调查,采样),examine,investigate,scrutinize(仔细检查),
comprise
3.adj.valid,authentic,random,quantitative,statistical,representative,typical,characteristic,
far-ranging,comprehensive,extensive,generally,universally,rifely(普遍的)
2.充分条件类错误:
充分类标志词:
once,will(begoingto)
必要类标志词:
only,without,necessary
Ex.Theeditor’srecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsonthe
assumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthis
assumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,includingCorD,mightbethecauseofB.
(Tobespecific,…..).Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannot
justifiablyconcludethatonlybyA-canB-.(解决之后的转述)
条件类错误必用词汇:
1.n.condition,requirement,necessity,sufficientcondition,sufficiency,outcome,aftermath
2.v.constitute,establish,suffice,resultin,induce,render,exclude
3adj.sufficient,necessary,perforce(adv.必要性),required
3.因果关系类错误:
因果关系错误标志词:
for,cause,reason,since,link,correlation,connection,therefore,and
时序性因果:
because,afterthis,sincethen,therefore,consequent
攻击体系:
Ex.BasedonthefactthatAoccurredafterB.theeditorinfersthatBshouldberesponsible
forA.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsuffice(证明)toprovethatthe
earlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Itmighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:
C,D,E….-tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariossuchasthese,theeditorcannot
establishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenAandB,uponwhichtheeditor’s
recommendationdepends.
同时因果类错误:
meanwhile,also,with,during,under,over,parallel
因果关系写作:
n.relation,causation(因果联系),relevancy,conjunction,connection,nexus(联系),
association,linkage
v.associate,link,connect,relateto,ignore,neglect,losesightof
adj.Relation,relevant,causal,related,sequent,traceable
4.范围变化类错误
表征现象:
a/题干引言与正文现象之间的范围变化;b/正文内部论据与论据之间的范围
变化
标志词:
Nationwide,statewide,throughout,overall,across,average…(一般是名词上的偷
换)
(1)攻击“概念错误”
AthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.
IfAisdefinedasB,thenC,isirrelevantto…Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionofA,itis
impossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.
(2)攻击个体推整体
Theargumentresetsontheassumptionthat(个体案例)typifynationwide(整体情况).If
thisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat(在另一个地方,上述个案的结果不会发生
相同的情况).Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout…nationwide,itisdifficultto
assessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.
(3)攻击整体推个体
Oneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide(characteristicsofa
groupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup)statisticsabout…appliesequallyto个体成员,.Yet
thismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps…;orperhaps….Without
rulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat…
(4)范围变化类错误词汇:
n.scope,localization,diversity,variety,individual,unit,whole
v.extend,expand,broaden,enlarge,spread,shrink(缩水),differentiate,distinguish
adj.overall,generally,extensive(整体的),entire,diverse,dissimilar,multiplex(多元的)
5.考虑不全面错误
(1)没有考虑正负得失
(2)没有考虑可行性
标志词:
profit,profitable,profitability
Profit错误体系:
Theauthorconcludesthat…isunwarranted.Profitisafactorrelatingtonotonlyrevenue,
butalsocost.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostofA,orothercostassociatedwithB,C,willoffset,
evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherunexpectedoccurrences,suchas
unfavorableeconomicdepression,mightprevent…frombeingasprofitableastheargument
predicts.
考虑不全的词汇:
n.disadvantage,drawback,demerit,advantage,merit,value,worthiness,prosandcons(正
反两面),revenue,income,gap,proceeds(收入),profit,margin,gain,cost,feasibility(可行性)
v.consider,balance,weigh,compare
adj.all-round(全面的)=all-sided,one-sided(片面的),unilateral(片面的)
6.时间外推类错误
(1)过去不可以推出将来
(2)现在不可以推出将来
标志词:
Towyearsage,lastyear
Trend,tendency,continue,remain,stay
体系:
Theauthorclaimsthat…(将来),because…(过去).Thisassumptionisunwarrantedbecause
thingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodoftime.Therearelikelyallkindsof
differencebetween(过去)and(将来).Forexample,…(将来);however,…(过去).Anyofthese
scenariosiftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat….
词汇:
n.trend,tendency,direction,fixedness,diversification
v.forecast,anticipate,expect,continue,remain,alter,inflect,shift(shiftfrom…to…),
transfer
adj.bypast,forepast(过去的),current,present,intending,continued,changeless,
unaltered,variable
7.论据含糊:
(1)含有主观性词汇:
promise,guess…
(2)关联型FA
词汇归纳:
vague,invalid,void,ill-defined,indistinct,unclear
8.错误类比
(1)FA错误
(2)不完整比较
(3)横比/纵比
标志词:
similar,same,nearby,neighboring…两个行业名称,两个公司,两个国家
表征现象:
题干引言————题目正文
题目正文:
论据————结论
两错误叠加
体系:
Thearguer’srecommendationreliesonwhatmightbeapooranalogybetweenAandB.The
analogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat…inbothAandBaresimilar.However,itis
entirelypossiblethat…(A与B得差异),inshort,withoutaccountingforsuchpossibledifferences
betweenAandB,thearguercannotprovethatBwillreap(收割)thesimilarbenefitsfromthe
proposedmethod.
词汇:
n.analogy,comparison,similarity,comparability,parallelism(相似性)
adj.analogically,homologous,analogous,distinct,dissimilar,disparate(完全不相关)
v.resemble,differ,vary,distinguish,discriminate,secern(区分)
9.非此即彼类错误
(难)因为原理有两个:
原理1.对于question:
有AB两个reasons,AB可能都不是真正原因,而C是
原理2.对于question:
有AB两个reasons,AB可能都是原因|”A,Bcanbecoexist.”
标志词:
either…or…
体系:
1、全否定:
Evena