语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟.docx

语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟.docx

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语言学导论语言学教程修订版胡壮麟

AnIntroductiontoLinguistics语言学导论

胡壮麟主编《语言学教程》（修订版）：

大学2001年

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

LIWhystudylanguage?

•Languagesarethebestmirrorofthehumanmind・一Leibniz（莱布尼兹1646-1716）psychologymind/brainpedagogycognitivescience

•ThethreebasicquestionsthatconcernChomskyare:

（i）Whatconstitutesknowledgeoflanguage?

（ii）Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?

（iii）Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?

1.2Whatislanguage?

•Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.一Sapir（萨丕尔1884-1939）

•Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

—Wardhaugh（沃道）

•Alanguageisaset（finiteorinfinite）ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthand

constructedoutofafinitesetofelements.一Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928-）

•Alanguageisasystemformeanings.一Halliday（礼德1925-）

Weshalldefinelanguageas"meaningpotential":

thatis,assetsofoptions,oralternatives,inmeaning,thatareavailabletothespeaker-hearer.一Halliday

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage

•DesignfeaturesConceptintroducedbyC.F・Hockettinthe1960sofasetofkeypropertiesoflanguagenotsharedornotknowntobeshared,asaset,withsystemsofcommunicationinanyotherspecies・Theirnumberandnamesvaryfromoneaccounttoanother;butallinclude,asamongthemostimportant,thepropertiesofduality,arbitrariness,andproductivity・

131Arbitrariness任意性：

Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural（i.e.logical）relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning・书booklivrerosemotivated理据sheepcowmoomooquackoinkbedroom

Whnt，sinaname?

thatwhichwecallarose

Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.一Shakespecne（莎士比亚1564-1616）

名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。

-《荀子•正名》

1.3.2Duality二重'性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures・Thelower

（secondary）levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,suchas[力],[亠],[（],

[O],[R],[-]whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunits（morphemes,words,

suchashe.left）whichconstituteahigher（primary）level,a:

pkpa:

kparkka:

pcarp

1.3.3Creativity仓U造'性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore・

1.3.4Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

•Dai（1989）:

1.creativity,2.arbitrariness,3.duality,4.displacement,5.culturaltransmission

•Hu（1988）:

1.arbitrabiness2.duality3.productivity4.displacement5.culturaltransmission

6.interchangability

•Hu（2001）:

1.arbitrariness2.duality3.productivity4.displacement

Wang（1988）:

1.双层性2.能产性3.任意性4.互易性5.专用性6.不受环境限制

7•传授性

L4Originoflanguagespeculativeandcontroversial

1.5Functionsoflanguage

1.5.1Informative信。

总、功直ELanguageservesaninformativefunctionwhenit

isusedtoexpressthespeaker^opinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.（alternativelytermedideationalfunctioninHallidayanframework）

1.5.2Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

1.5.3Performative彳亍事功直吉Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.UIsurrender.“Tildoittonight.""Ideclarethemeetingopen."“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsillprison."

1.5.4Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker,e.g."Ouch!

”,“I'mtemblysonyabout（alternativelycalledexpressivefunction）

1.5.5Phaticcommunion寒暄交i炎Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingabouttheweather.

1.5.6Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting・

1.5.7Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage・E.g.aChinesegrammarofEnglish;tosaythatbookispronounced/$U/istomakeametalinguisticstatementaboutthatword・

LanguageA（obj）:

EnglishparkcarpLanguageB（tool）:

Chinese,EnglishQuirketal.1985pa:

kka:

p

Metaphysicsmetaphysicsmetachemistrymetascience科学学science

1.5.8Poetic（Functionoflanguage）definedbyJakobsonintermsoforientationtowards,orfocuson,uthemessageforitsownsaken・Thus,inordinaiyspeech,itisbyvirtueofthepoeticfunctionthate.g.incoordination,onewilltendtoputshorterphrasefirst:

Irememberespeciallythewineandtheviewfromtheterrace,ratherthan,althoughintermsofotherfunctionstheyareequivalent，・・.theviewfromtheterraceandthewine.

•Hu（1988）:

1.phatic2.directive3.informative4.interrogative5.expressive

6.evocative

7.performative（BTW,Dai1989makesnomentionoflanguagefunctions.）

•Hu（2001:

10-16）:

1.informative2.interpersonal3.performative4.emotive5.phatic

6.recreational7.metalingual

•Hu（2001:

151-152）:

KarlBuhler^tiipartiteclassification:

1.representative

2.expressive

3.appelative（vocative）RomanJakobson'ssix-functionclassification:

1.referential

2.emotive3.conative4.metalinguistic5.poetic6.phaticHalliday：

p.415sevenfimetionsinchildren，slanguage:

1.instrumental2.regulatory

3.interactional4.personal5.heuristic6.imaginative7.informativethreemetafiuictionsinadulfslanguage:

1.ideational

2.interpersonal3.textual

•Wang（1988:

11-13）:

语言是1.交际的工具2.认知世界的工具3.艺术创作的工具

•Chomsky（1979:

88）:

Languageservesessentiallyfortheexpressionofthought.

•Chomsky（1980:

230）:

Wemustrejecttheviewthatthepurposeoflanguageis

communication.（Cdisagreesthatthesolepurposeoflang・iscommunication.）

1.6Whatislinguistics?

Thescientificstudyoflanguage・

parameterwhatandwhyobservatoryadequacy,descriptiveadequacy,explanatoryadequacyMandarin

1.7Microlinguistics

1.7.1Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofsoundsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage・Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.（Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthephysicalcharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classification,andtranscription.Cf.transcript

1.7.2Phonology音系学Thestudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgeneraily.（Phonologyidentifiesthesetofspeechsoundsforeachlanguage,howtheyarearrangedtoformmeaningfulunits,andthefunctionofeachsound・Phonologyrevealswhatthepossiblecombinationsofsoundsinalanguageareandexplainswhycertainwordstaketheformtheydo.）

1.7.3Morphology形态学Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords・Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning一morphemesandword-formationprocesses・

1.7.4Syntax句法学Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences・

1.7.5Semantics语义学Thestudyofmeaning.SeenbyBreal,inthelate19lhcentury,asanemergingscience（Frenchsemantique）opposedtophonetics（phonetique）asascienceofsounds・（Matthews」997）

1.7.6Pragmatics语用学Thestudyofthemeaningsthatsentenceshaveinparticularcontexts・

1.8Macrolinguistics

1.8.1Psycholinguistics心理语言学Anystudyoflanguageinorfromtheviewpointofpsychology.Appliedsincethe1960stotwomainfields:

theempiricalstudyofthedevelopmentoflanguageinchildren（developmentalpsycholinguistics）;andtheinvestigationthroughexperimentsofthepsychologicalmechanismsfortheproductionandunderstandingofspeech（experimentalpsycholinguistics）・

1.&2Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anystudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety,includingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers・Forexample,Labovstudiesthecorrelationsbetweenlinguisticvariables（e.g.theprecisephoneticqualityofavowel,ortheabsenceofacertainelementinaconstruction）andnon-linguisticsvariablessuchasthesocialclassofspeakers,theirage,sex,etc.

1.8.3ArHliropologicallinguistics人类语言学Itusesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.e.g.thestudyoflesser-knownlanguagesthroughfieldwork;emergenceoflanguage;ancestrallanguage

1.&4ComputationallinguisticsiI•算语言学Theuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage（alsoknownas"naturallanguage^,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages）.E.g.machinetranslation,speechsynthesis

1.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

1.9.1Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写vs•规定Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzeslinguisticfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifitlaysdownRilesforgrammaticalcorrectness・It'sme・Whodidyouspeakto?

Ihaven7donenothing.呆板

1.9.2Synchronicvs.diachronic共口寸vs.历日寸Thestudyoflanguageasitsexistsataparticularpointintimeissynchronic.E.g.AGrammarofAncientChinese;Thestudyoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisdiachronic・E.g.FromOldEnglishtoStandardEnglish.Sarsfigureskatingsynchronizedswimming

1.9.3Languevs.parole语言vs•言语AdistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure（索绪尔1857-1913）.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualizedlanguage,orrealizationoflangue.Asasocialproduct,langueisasetofconventionthatmembersofaspeechcommunityabideby.Itcanbethoughtofasthegeneralizedrulesofthelanguage.Paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsorapplicationsoftherules.

i.Lcingne