云财大学英语快速阅读选择 填空1.docx

云财大学英语快速阅读选择 填空1.docx

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云财大学英语快速阅读选择填空1

FastReading

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassageandthenanswerthequestions.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Passage1

Children'sEating

Raisingchildrencanbeachallengingjob.Itcanalsoberewarding.Whenitcomestoeating,themorecaregiversknowaboutchildren'snaturaleatingpatterns,theeasierandmorerewardingthejoboffeedingchildrencanbe.

Likemanyotherbehaviors,children'seatingpatternsarelargelylearned.Startingfrominfancy（婴儿期）,achildlearnswhatcanbeeatenandwhatcannot,whatisappropriatewithinthecultureandthefamilyregardingfoodmanners,whattypesoffoodarelikedanddisliked,andwhatcuesareimportantincontrollingtheamountoffoodeaten.Children'seatingpatternsmovethroughpredictablestagesofdevelopmentthatpresentchallengesandopportunitiesforlearningandmasteringpropereatingpatterns.Earlyfeedinginteractionsinfluencethesetofskillsandbehaviorschildrenpossessastheireatingmovesfromcompletelydependingontheircaregiverstorelyingmoreonthemselves.

Inborn（天生的）Abilities,Preferences,andTransitions（转变）

Becauseanewbornspendsabout50%ofhiswakingtimeeating,thefeedinginteractionisperhapsaninfant'smostimportantexperience.Feedingnotonlysuppliesenergyforgrowth,italsoestablisheshisbondwithhismother,providesasenseofsecurityandpleasurefortheinfant,andpresentsrepeatedopportunitiesforlearningandsocialexchange.

Achild'stransitiontosolidfoodisadynamic（不断增长的）periodofgrowthandlearning.Eatingpatternschangemoreduringthisperiodthanduringanyothertimeoflife.Thistransitionrequiresrapidlearningaboutflavors,food,manners,andsocialexchange.

Anoftenunrecognizedmilestone（里程碑）inyoungchildren'seatingbehaviorisdealingwithafearofnewfood.Youngchildrenareinclinedtobeafraidofnewfoodwhentheyarebetween18-24monthsofage.Childrenpreviouslyjudgedas"goodeaters"oftenbegintorejectnewfoodandrefuseformerlyaccepted,familiaritems.Children'sacceptanceofnewfooddoesnothappenrightaway.Itrequiresrepeatedexperiencewithnewfoodtoovercomefearsandenhanceacceptance.

TheFamilyEatingEnvironment

Parentsandcaregiversgreatlyinfluencetheeatingenvironmentinwhichchildren'spreferencesandeatingpatternsdevelop.Caregiversdeterminewhichfoodsareavailabletothechildandwhatcomposesachild'sdiet.Theyalsoprovideamodelofeatingbehaviorandguideachild'seatingthroughfeedingpractices.Byselectingthefoodthatcomesintothehome,parentshavedirectcontroloverthefoodchildrenrepeatedlyeat.

Atanypointindevelopment,largedifferencesmayexistamongparentsintheextenttowhichtheyallowachildtocontroleating,includingthetimingofmeals,aswellaswhatandhowmuchiseaten.Feedingpracticesthataretoocontrollingarenoteffective,butrathermayworkagainstpromotinghealthyeatingpatterns.Theuseofpressureandrestrictioninchildfeedingseemstohaveanoppositeeffectonchildren'spreferences.Anotherunintendedconsequenceofusingpressureinchildfeedingisthatitmaycauseeatingtobeinfluencedbyfactorsotherthanachild'sownhungerandfullness.

TheContemporaryEatingEnvironment

Whilethefamilyisthemostimportantenvironmentinwhichchildren'seatingdevelops,culturalandphysicalenvironmentsalsoplayarole.Environmentalfactorsaffectaparent'sabilitytopromotehealthyeatingpatterns.Suchfactorsincludeincreasedtimedemandsinfamilylife,lossofthefamilymeal,increasedtelevisionviewingduringmeals,increaseddining-out（外出就餐）occasions,andincreaseduseofchildcare.Parentsalsostrugglewiththebroaderhealthandeatingconcernsofoursociety.Thisclimateincludespoordietqualityandanever-increasingnumberofoverweightparentsandchildren.Atthesametime,societyplacesanenormousemphasisondietingandthinness.

PromotingHealthyEatingBehaviors

Aworthygoalforparentsandcaregiversistocreatefeedingenvironmentsthatpromotehealthyeatingbehaviorsandsupporthealthyweightandgrowth.Thereareseveralimportantfeedingissuesformostchildren:

1.Youngchildreneatsmallamountsoffoodfrequently;threemealsandthreesnacks（点心）isanormaleatingpatternuntilwellintotheschoolyears.

2.Theappearanceofirregulareatingpatternsisnotnecessarilyevidenceofpooreatinghabits.Parentsshouldconsidertheamountoffoodeatenacrossthedayandbeyond,ratherthanfocuson"gettingachildtoeat"ataparticulareatingoccasion.

3.Youngchildrenrequirefewerenergyandsmallerportionsizes.Becauseincreasingportionsizesmayincreaseenergyintakes,becarefulaboutroutinely（习惯性地）offeringadult-sizeservingsofdrinksandsnacks.

Keepingtheseissuesandthefollowingtentipsinmindwillhelpparentsandcaregiversdevelophealthyeatingbehaviorsinthechildrentheycarefor.

TenTipsforPuttingInformationintoAction

1.Childrenbenefitfromeatingroutines（常规）andstructureinthesamewaythattheybenefitfrombedtimeroutines!

Besuretoofferthreemealsandtwotothreesnacksacrossthecourseoftheday.Inbetween,avoidfeedingthechildbyadoptinga"closedkitchen"policy.

2.Whatdoeshungerhavetodowithit?

Everything.Directchildrentowardsinternalcueslikehungerandfullness.Speakplainlytochildrenabouthungerandfullnessduringmealtimeandsnacks.

3.Avoidfocusingontheamountsconsumed.Instead,offerhealthychoicesandlearnaboutappropriateportionsizesforchildren.

4.Offerhealthysnacksandroutinelyremindchildrenthatfruitsandvegetablesareavailableforsnacking.

5.Don'tgiveup!

Childrenneedrepeatedexperienceswithnewfoodbeforetheylearntolikethem.

6.Beconsciousoflownutrient,high-energydrinksandfoodconsumption.

7.Beactive!

Turnoffthetelevision（limitof2hoursperday）andencouragefreeplaybyGOINGOUTSIDE!

8.Makefamilymealsaprioritywheneverpossible.Tryforatleastthreefamilydinnersaweek.Limiteatingouttotwiceaweekandtrytochooserestaurantswithsurroundingsthatpermitconversation.

9.Developchildren'sconversationalstylesandtheirsenseofimportancebyeliminatingdistractionsliketelevisionandmusicduringfamilymeals.

10.Promotehealthyeating—notdieting—inwordandindeed.Adoptamoderateapproachthatincludesallfoodinage-appropriateamounts.

1.Whatcanmakefeedingchildrenmorerewardingforcaregivers?

________________

A.Knowingmoreaboutchildren'snaturaleatingpatterns.

B.Challengingchildrenastheyarebeingraised.

C.Startingtofeedthemfromthetimetheyareininfancy.

D.Teachingthemaboutwhatisappropriate.

2.Whatisinfluencedbyearlyfeedinginteractions?

________________

A.Opportunitiesforlearning.B.Stagesofdevelopment.

C.Skillsandbehaviorlater.D.Caregiversrelyingonthemselves.

3.Children'seatingpatternschangemostduring________________.

A.thetimebetween18-24monthsB.hisbondingperiodwithhismother

C.thetimebeforeheisaninfantD.histransitiontosolidfood

4.Howdoparentsinfluencechildren'spreferencesandintakepatterns?

________________

A.Bytellingthechildtoovercomefear.B.Bychoosingthefoodthatcomeshome.

C.Byfeedingthechilddirectly.D.Byplanningachild'sdiet.

5.________________isnoteffectiveinpromotinghealthyeatingpatterns.

A.ProvidingamodelB.Allowingthechildtocontrolfood

C.ControllingfoodtoomuchD.Selectingthefoodthatcomeshome

6.Themostimportantenvironmentindevelopingachild'seatingis________________.

A.physicalB.hungerandfullnessC.thecultureD.thefamily

7.Oneoftheeatingconcernsofoursocietyis________________.

A.theincreasingnumberofthinpeopleB.thegrowingnumberoffatpeople

C.theamountofcaregiventochildrenD.themanychildrenwhoeatlittlefood

8.Theoccurrenceofirregulareatingpatternsdoesn'talwaysmean_____________.

9.Bothbedtimeroutinesand_____________arebeneficialtochildren.

10.____________shouldbegivenprioritywheneverpossible.

Passage2

NewsandEntertainmentMedia

Americansspendaboutfivehourseachdayonleisureactivities.Thosewholiveinornearlargecitiesspendsomeofthistimeattheaters,operahouses,nightclubs,zoos,andmuseums.Americanswholiveinruralareasdonotusuallyhavesuchplacestovisit,butlikecityresidents,theycanenjoythemostpopularsourcesofinformationandentertainmentaswell:

radio,television,movies,books,magazines,andnewspapers.

Radio

AlmosteveryAmericanfamilyownsatleastoneradio,andmanyhavethreeorfour.Yearsago,familiesgatheredaroundonebiglivingroomradio.Today,peopletakesmall,lightweightradioswiththemintothebedroom（clockradios）,onthestreet（transistorradios[半导体收音机],ontheroad（carradios）,andintothefields（radiosbuiltintotractors）.Radioshaveevenbeenbuiltintohairdryersandsunglasses.

Withthedevelopmentoftelevision,radioisnolongerthemajorsourceofhomeentertainment;butAmericansstillturntoradiowhentheywantthelatestnewsquickly.Manystationsbroadcastup-to-the-minutenewseveryhalfhour.Americanstendtolistentoradiosforshortperiods.Inanefforttoholdaudiences,manyradiostationsappealtospecialinterests.Someofferonlymusicoronlynews;othersbroadcastprofessionalsportsevents.Inlargecities,somestationsattractimmigrantsbypresentingforeign-languageprogra