管信复习资料.docx
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管信复习资料
第一章
Thedevelopmentofcomputer
1.ENIAC（ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculator）:
1946--developedbyJohnW.MauchlyandJ.PresperEckert
2.UNIVACI（UniversalAutomaticComputer）:
Firstsoldin1951totheU.S.CensusBureau
1954--firstcomputerinstalledinabusiness（anotherUNIVACIatGE）
电脑的类型
1Mainframe：
computersarelarge,centrallylocatedcomputerstypicallyfoundinlarge
organizations.
2Minicomputers：
aresmallerandlesspowerfulcomputersthanthelargermainframeswithanabilitytohandletheprocessingofsmallorganizationsandarelessexpensivethenmainframes.
3Personalcomputers：
aresmall,relativelyinexpensivecomputersthatcanbeusedforbothbusinessandpersonalapplications.
管理信息系统的发展阶段及年代
图片理解
表格相关
ID
Informationsystems
time
1
●Transactionprocessingsystem（TPS）
1950’s
2
●Managementinformationsystem（MIS）
●Officeautomation
●Decisionsupportsystem（DSS）
1970’s
3
●EnterpriseResourcePlanning（ERP）System
1990’s
管理信息系统Managementinformationsystems
Acomputer-basedsystemthatmakesinformationavailabletouserswithsimilarneeds.
Transactionprocessingsystem（TPS）
TransactionProcessingSystem（TPS）processesdatathatreflectstheactivitiesofthefirm.
MISMODEL（第一个重要模型）
Description:
●Thedatabasecontainsthedataprovidedbythetransactionprocessingsystem.Inaddition,bothdataandinformationareenteredfromtheenvironment.
●Theinformationisproducedfromdatainthedatabasebytwotypesofsoftware,includingreport-writingsoftwarethatcanproducebothperiodicandspecialreportssoftwareandmathematicalmodelsthatcansimulatefirmoperations.
Theoutputinformationisthenusedbyorganizationalproblem（bothmanagersandprofessionals）solversasanaidindecision-making.
Multitasking：
Performmultipleprocessingtasksfrommultipleusersconcurrently.
5Managementlevelanditsinfluencesonboththesourceandpresentationformofinformation
掌握各层次关注的信息，可以根据给出的情况判断出是哪种uers,属于哪个管理层水平
以上为图片理解
Managerscanbefound
Inadditiontotheorganizationallevels,managerscanbefoundinvariousbusinessareas.Thethreetraditionalareasaremarketing,manufacturing,andfinance.Recently,twoadditionalareashaveassumedmajorimportance—humanresourcesandinformationservices.
补充：
需要了解的
1IntroductiontoComputerArchitecture
●Thecentralprocessingunit（CPU）controlsalltheothercomponentsofthecomputer.
●Randomaccessmemory（RAM）actsasthetemporaryworkspacefortheCPU;thegreatertheworkarea,thenthemorequicklytheCPUcanaccomplishitstasks.
●Thecentralprocessingunit（CPU）randomaccessmemory（RAM）resideonthecomputer’smotherboard,thesinglecircuitrythatallotherdevicespluginto.
TheCD-ROM,floppydrive,andharddisks（alsoknownastheharddrive）arestoragedevices.Butunliketherandomaccessmemorytheyarepermanentdatastorageandnottemporary.
第二章
1TheGeneralsystemmodeloftheform（会描述模型，会画模型，理解）（第2个重要模型）
TheGeneralSystemsModelshowstheflowofresourcesfromtheenvironment,throughthefirm,andbacktotheenvironment.
Physicalresourcesflowthroughthephysicalsystematthebottomofthemodel.
Thearrowsintheupperpartofthediagramshowtheflowsoftheconceptualresources---data,information,andinformationintheformofdecisions.
Atwowayflowofdataandinformationthatconnectsthefirmtoitsenvironmentisattheright.
Thephysicalsystem：
consistsofthreeelements---input,transformation,andoutput.Physicalresourcesflowthroughthephysicalsystematthebottomofthemodel.Thephysicalresourcesincludepersonnel,material,machinesandmoney.
Whileinthefirm,allofthephysicalresourcesareusedtoproducethefirm’sproductsandservicestoitscustomers.
（解释：
物理系统由三个要素组成，即输入、转换和输出，通过物理系统在模型底部的物理系统中流动。
物质资源包括人员、材料、机器和金钱。
在公司中，所有的物质资源都是用来生产公司的产品和服务的客户。
）
Thecontrolmechanismelementsincludethestandardsofperformancethatthefirmistomeetifitistoaccomplishitsoverallobjectives,themanagement,andaninformationprocessorthattransformsdataintoinformation.
（解释：
控制机制要素包括：
企业要完成其总体目标、管理和信息处理器，将数据转换为信息的标准。
）
Feedbackloop
Thefeedbackloopiscomposedofconceptualresources--data,information,andinformationintheformofdecisions.
（反馈回路是由概念资源组成的数据、信息和信息的形式决定的。
）
Dataisgatheredfromthefirmandfromtheenvironmentandenteredintotheinformationprocessor,whichtransformsitintoinformation.
Theinformationismadeavailabletomanagementwhomakesdecisionstoaffectnecessarychangesinthephysicalsystem.
Managementisguidedinitsdecisionmakingbytheperformancestandards.
Theperformancestandardscanalsobeutilizedbytheinformationprocessorindeterminingwhentheperformanceofthefirmisnotproceedingasplaned.
（数据是从企业和环境中收集的，并输入信息处理器，它将信息转换为信息。
这些信息是由管理者提供的，他们决定在物理系统中影响必要的改变。
管理是以绩效标准为导向的决策。
在决定企业绩效的过程中，信息处理器还可以利用信息处理器的性能标准来决定企业的绩效。
）
Closed-loopsystem
Onethatcancontrolitselfbymeansofacontrolmechanismandfeedbackloop.
（闭环系统：
一个可以通过控制机制和反馈回路的装置。
）
EightEnvironmentalElements
Description:
Organizationsandindividualsthatexistoutsidethefirmandhaveadirectorindirectinfluenceonit.Suchassuppliers,customers,laborunions,financialcommunity,stockholdersandowners,competitors,andgovernments.Theseeightelementsexistinalargersystemcalledsociety.
（要求：
会描述会画图）
Suppliers：
alsocalledvendors,supplythematerial,machines,services,people,andinformationthatareusedbythefirmtoproduceitspruductsandservices.
Labborunionsaretheorganizationofbothskilledandunskilledworkersforcertaintradesandindustries.
Thefinancialcommunityconsistsofinstitutionthatinfluencethemoneyresourcesthatareavilbaletothefirm.
Stockholdersorownerarethepersonswhoinvestmoneyinthefirmandrepresenttheultimateownersofthefirm.
Competitors:
includealloftheorganizationsthatcompetewiththefirminitsmarketplace.
Thegovernment:
onthenational,stateorprovince,andlocallevels,provideconstrainsintheformoflawsandregulationSandalsoprovideSassistanceintheformofpurchases,information,andfunds.
theglobalcommunityisthegeographicareawherethefirmperformitsoperation.
customer:
theseproductSandServiceSaremarketedtothefirm'Scustomer
Porter’sValueChains
SupportActivities：
FirmInfrastructure，Humanresourcemanagement
Technologydevelopment，Procurement
PrimaryActivities：
Inboundlogistics，Operations，Outboundlogistics，
MarketingAndsales，Service
ExpandingtheScopeoftheValueChain
（要求知道如何建立连接）Askedtoknowhowtoestablishaconnection
Afirmcanlinkitsvaluechaintothoseofitssuppliersbyimplementingsystemsthatmakeinputresourcesavailablewhenneeded.
E.g.Just-in-timesystem（JIT）
Afirmcanalsolinkitsvaluechainwiththoseofitsdistributionchannelmembers.
E.g.Airline’scomputerizedreservationsystems
Thebuyers’valuechainscanalsobelinkedtothoseofthefirmanditschannelmembers.
E.g.CiscoSystemssellingswitchestoacompany
Whenthebuyerareindividualconsumers,theycanusetheircomputerstologontothefirm’sWebsiteandobtaininformationandmalepurchases.
E.g.DellComputer
（划线的是例子）
Informationmanagement
1BasicTypesofInformationResourcesAvailabletotheFirm
Afirm’sinformationresourcesconsistof:
hardware,software,informationspecialists,users,facilities,databases,andinformation.
（给出例子，知道是哪种类型）
2Informationmanagement的概念
Acquiringinformation,usingitinthemosteffectiveway,anddiscardingitatthepropertime.
（获取信息，以最有效的方式使用它，并在适当的时间丢弃它。
）
第三章
1掌握ElectronicCommerce的概念
referstoabusinesstransactionthatusesnetworkaccess,computer-basedsystems,andaWebbrowserinterface.
（指使用网络访问、计算机系统和网络浏览器接口的业务交易。
）
B2BB2C（给出情况，知道属于哪种）
2掌握概念Interorganizationalsystem（IOS）isthestrategyinwhichafirmislinkedwithtransmissionsofelectronicdatawithotherfirmssothatallofthefirmsworktogetherasacoordinatedunit,achievingbenefitsthateachcouldnotachievealone.
（跨组织信息系统（IOS）是其中一个公司与其他公司，所有的公司一起工作，为协调单元的电子数据传输相关的战略，实现效益，都无法独自完成。
）
其好处：
IOSBenefits
Contents
Descriptions
ComparativeEfficiency
•Internalefficiency
•Consistsofimprovementsinthefirm’sownoperations
•Gathersdatafaster
•Analyzeitfaster
•Makedecisionsfaster
•Interorganizationalefficiency
•Includeimprovementsthataregainedbyworkingwithotherfirms
•Offermoreproductsandservices,
•Servemorecustomers
•Shiftcertainworktosuppliersorcustomers
•Gatherenvironmentaldatamoreeasily
BargainingPower
•Theabilityofthefirmtosolvethedisagreementswithitssuppliersandcustomerstoitsownadvantage
•Uniqueproductfeatures
•Offerbetterservice
•Reducedsearch-relatedcosts
•Reducethe”shoppingcosts”
•Increasedthecustomer’sswitchingcosts
•Afirmwouldliketomakeitexpensive,incostand/orconvenience,forcustomerstoswitchtoacompetitor.
3InternalandEnvironmentalInfluencesonIOSAdoption
Adoptioninfluences（PremkumarandRamamurthy）
Competitivepressures（HIGH,firmisreactiveinadoptingIOS,usuallyEDI）
Exercisedpower（powerfulfirmisproactiveinadopting/demandingIOS）
Internalneed（firmsseeparticipationasawaytoimprove）
Topmanagementsupport（ALWAYSinfluencesthedecision）
（知道是主动还是被动影响）
4（可以根据给出的情况判断出是哪种类型的店）
Virtualsalesarethosemadebyafirmthatdoesnotoperateaphysicalstorefront.
Customercan’tenterandpurchasetheproduct.
Click-OnlyStrategy（单纯的网店）
HybridsalesoccurwhenfirmshavebothaphysicalstorefrontandaWebsitewherecustomerscanpurchaseproducts.
Brick-and-clickoperations（既有实体店又有网店）
第六章
DataField：
Thesmallestunitofdata.（i
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