语言学概论课后参考答案杨信彰.docx

语言学概论课后参考答案杨信彰.docx

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语言学概论课后参考答案杨信彰

Charpter1

1.a.Thissentencemayhavethreeinterpretations:

1）Herolledfromsidetosideinhisgrave.2）Hereturnedhisgrave.3）Hehandedinhisgrave.

　b.Therearetwointerpretationstothissentence:

1）Theygavepreferencetobothyoungmenandyoungwomen.2）Theygavepreferencetowomenandyoungmen.

2.Unitsthathavereference:

I,saw,Mary,went,thelibrary.

　　Unitsthatindicatestructure:

when,to.

3.a.Thissentenceisgrammatical,butisnonsensical.

b.Thissentenceisungrammaticalandnonsensical.

c.Thisisagoodsentence.

d.Thisisagoodsentence.

1.a.Thissignisasymbol.Itmeanswewillhavegoodluck.Iknowitfrommyculturalbackground,becausetheChinesecharacter"福"means"luck"andthecolorredsymbolizes"goodness".TheChinesemeaningof"upsidedown"is"倒",whichhasthesimilarpronunciationof"到（arrive）".Thus,whenthecharacter"福"isputupsidedown,itmeansthatluckarrives.

　b.Thissignisanicon.Itmeansnosmoking,andIknowitfromthepicture.

　c.Thissignisamixtureofasymbolandaicon.Itmeansthat"parking"isonlyallowedfordisabledpeople.

2.Ithinkthehouseisonfirebecausesmokeisaindexoffire.

3.Tothephysician,itmeansthatthemanhasgotafever.

4.Ithinkso,butnotexactly,becausethedifferenceoftheconsonantsdoesnotmeanthebirdindifferentplacescriesdifferently.

1.accordingtothearbitrarinesstheory,theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.Thus,thenameXiaoLongisjustalabelfortheson.However,inChineseculturedragonwasthesymbolfortheemperor.Thus,thenamemayhavecertainassociativemeanings.

2.No.Thespeakerofalanguage,basedupontheconventionestablishedinthespeechcommunity,associateslinguisticsignswiththingsandconcepts.Inpeople'smind,"pig"standsforfoolishnessandlaziness.IfInameitPigHairShampoo,noonewillbuyit.

3.Wordsarearbitraryinform,buttheyarenotrandomintheiruse.Althoughthelinkbetweenformandmeaningisarbitrary,thereexistedcertainrelationshipbetweenthem,whichcanbecalledrules.Theindividualdoesnothavethepowertochangeasigninanywayonceithasbecomeestablishedinthelinguisticcommunity.

1.Iprefertousethespokenlanguage.Inasupermarket,thespokenlanguageismuchmoreconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachother.Peopledonothavethetimeandnecessitytousewrittenlanguageincommunication.

2.Ithinklisteningandspeakingshouldcomefirst.Theprimarymediumoflanguageissound,andlanguageisprimarilyvocal.What'smore,childrencanlearntolistenandspeakaforeignlanguagemorequicklythantheyreadandwrite.

1.No,Idon'tagreewiththispointofview.Languageishumanspecific,sohumansanddogscannotcommunicatewitheachother.

2.Aparrotonlycansaywhatitistaught.Itcannotformaninfinitesetofutterancesfromafiniteuseofunits.So,aparrottalkingcannotbeequatedwithhumanlanguage.

3.Thatisonlytheresultofthestimulus-responsetraining.

4.Humanlanguageisprimaryoveranimalcommunicationinthefollowingaspects:

　1）Humanhastheabilitytorefertothingsfarremoteintimeandspace.Incontrast,itmaybeimpossibleforananimaltoconveysuchability.

　2）Humanhastheabilitytoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofnovelutterances,butnoanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.

　3）Learningismuchmoreimportantasafactorinhumanlanguagethaninanimalcommunication.

　4）Humanlanguagestructureandlanguageusearevastlymorecomplexthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.

　5）Animalcommunicationsystemsareclosed-ended,whereashumanlanguagesareopen-ended.

1.TheadvancedtechnologysuchastelephonesandtheInternetmakeshumancommunicationbecomemuchmoreconvenientandfrequent.Peoplecancommunicatewithothersinremoteplacesfreely.

2.Theremayexistseveralcauses:

　1）Thesendercannotexpresshimselforherselfclearly.

　2）Thereceivercannotunderstandwhatthesendersaid.

　3）Thereceiverisunwillingtocommunicatewiththesender.

　4）Thereexistsmisunderstandingbecauseofthedifferentculturalbackgroundofthesenderandthereceiver.

3.Wemustpaykeyattentiontolearningtheknowledgeofthewaysofthinking,actingandspeakingofalanguage,fordifferencesinthiskindofknowledgemaycausetroubleininterculturalcommunication.

1.a.Physiologicalfunction

　b.Performativefunction

　c.Phaticfunction

　d.Informativefunction

2.Peoplelikepoetrybecausepeoplecanenjoytherhythmandthemelodyofcertaincombinationsofsoundsinthepoetry.Andmostcreativeusesoflanguageinthepoetrycanprovidepeopleconsiderablepleasurethroughthegenerationofpuns,paradoxes,ambiguitiesandmetaphors.

3.Imaynotsayanything,butmovethedeskaway.

1.Generalfunctionsrefertotheparticularindividualusesoflanguagewhilstmetafunctionsrefertothelarger,moregeneralpurposesunderlyinglanguageuse.

2.No.AccordingtoHalliday,everysentenceinatextismultifunctionalandhasthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:

ideational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.

3.Halliday'sfunctionaltheoryemphasizestherelationshipbetweenlanguagestructureandthelanguagefunctionsinsociallife,whilethetraditionalgrammaremphasizestheformsofthesentence.

1.Iagreetotheevolutionarytheorywhichtendstobelievethatmanevolvedfromlowerformsoflife,andsodidlanguage.Thisisascientificapproachtotheoriginoflanguageasitisbasedonawiderangeofstudiesoveryearsbybiologists,anthropologists,psychologists,neurologists,primatologistsandlinguists.Withmanysignificantchangessinceitsearlyintroduction,theevolutionarytheoryshowsustheoriginoflanguagefromvariousaspects,suchastheorganicevolution,environmentalfactors.

2.轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪

3.Onomatopoeticwordsareimitationsofthesoundsofnature,andemotionalejaculationsofpain,fear,surprise,pleasure,anger,etc.Accordingtotheinventiontheory,onomatopoeticwordsformthebasisoflanguage,oratleastthecoreofthebasicvocabulary.

1.Usually,therearetwomainwaysofclassifyinglanguages:

thegenetic（orgenealogical）andthetypological.Thehistoricalclassificationisbasedontheassumptionthatlanguageshavedivergedfromacommonancestor.Thiscriteriaistoresearchintothehistoryandrelatednessoflanguages.Ontheotherhand,thetypologicalclassificationisbasedonacomparisonoftheformalsimilaritieswhichexistbetweenlanguages.Itisanattempttogrouplanguagesintostructuraltypes,onthebasisofphonology,grammar,orvocabulary,ratherthanintermsofanyrealorassumedhistoricalrelationship.

2.Currently,wecannotsaythatalllanguagesintheworldderivedfromonecommonancestor.Itmightbetruethatsomelanguageshavedivergedfromonecommonancestor,forexample,French,Spanish,ItalianandotherRomancelanguageswereclearlydescendedfromLatin,butnoevidenceshowthatalllanguagesintheworldhavethesameorigin.Asresearchshows,thereareatleast29languagefamiliesintheworld.However,thisproblemwillbesolvedwhenwehaveenoughevidencetoshowthathumanbeingshaveonecommonancestor.

3.Themajorcausesforthelanguagediversityintheworldincludegrammaticalstructure,historicalfactors,socialfactors,interculturalcontact,etc.

1.Thetwosentencesperformthesamefunctionofrequesting.However,Thetwosentenceshavedifferentchoicesofwordsandsyntaxstructures.Sentence（a）isstructurallyanimperativesentence,whileSentence（b）takestheformofaquestionandtheword'please'isadded.So,theeffectsofthetwoutterancesaredifferent.Sentence（b）wouldsoundmorepolite.Whenwearedecodingthem,wewouldtakeintoaccountsuchfactorsaschoiceofwordsandsyntacticstructures,theprincipleofpolitenessandthecontext.

2.Asascience,linguisticsdemandsascientificoutlookuponlanguage.Toconductastudyoflanguagescientifically,wemusttakeanobjectiveviewoflanguageandalllinguisticphenomenaandstudylanguageandreflectonitinadetachedandunbiasedway.Evenalocalvarietywithfewnativespeakersmayalsofallwithinourinvestigations.Moreover,weshouldadoptthegeneralprinciplesofempiricalresearchprocedurestoobserveandanalyzedatafoundinnaturallanguages.

3.Therealobjectoflinguisticsistofindoutfundamentalrulesthatunderlieallthelanguagesintheworld.Weneedtolookintothecommonfeaturesofalllanguages,therangeofvariationsamonglanguages,thedifferenceofhumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunication,thechangeandevolutionoflanguage,therelationoflanguagetomindandsociety,andsoon.

1.Itisveryimportanttostudyspeechinlinguistics,becauselanguageisprimarilyvocal.Asweknow,nocommunityhasawrittenformonly,thoughmanyhaveaspokenlanguageonly.Childrenlearnspokenlanguagefirstandmosteasily.Earlierinthe20thcenturycertainlinguistsbegantodoubtthepriorityofwriting.Bloomfieldarguedthatwritingwasnotlanguagebutmerelyawayofrecordinglanguage.Thecontemporarylinguisticsmaintainsthatthespokenlanguageisprimaryandthatwritingisessentiallyameansofrepresentingspeechinanothermedium.Linguisticshasstressedthepriorityofspeechbecauseitisthe"natural,"orprimary,mediuminwhichlanguageismanifest,andwrittenlanguagederivesfromthetransferenceofspeechtoasecondary,visualmedium.

2.Thereisnoabsolutestandardofcorrectnessbecauselinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.