可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献.docx
《可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献
文献信息:
文献标题:
IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions(可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案)
国外作者:
FatimaGhani
文献出处:
《InternationalJournalofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering》,2012,12
(1),p21-24
字数统计:
英文1985单词,11317字符;中文3460汉字
外文文献:
IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions
Abstract—Thegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc(notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment)thatareenergyefficientandthatmakelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.
IndexTerms—Sustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.
I.INTRODUCTION
Thewords"Green","Ecological"and"Sustainable"aretermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealandregeneratetheearth'sabilitytobearlife.
A.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOrientedDesign
InArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybe"green"andrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironment,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.
∙HealthyInteriorEnvironment:
Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateventilationtotheinteriorenvironment.
∙EnergyEfficiency:
Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuilding'suseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.
∙EcologicalBuildingMaterials:
Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesourceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.
∙BuildingForm:
Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.
∙GoodDesign:
Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegratedthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.
TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappropriatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies.
B.Definition
Sustainabilitymeans'tohold'upor'tosupportfrombelow'.Itreferstotheabilityofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture(withoutbeingforcedintodeclinethroughexhaustionofkeyresources).
Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:
aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.It'saboutone'sperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrationallyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace.
Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.
II.NEEDSANDISSUES
Theecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousandtilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.
Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyconsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.AstrikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.
Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andlight,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:
environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.
III.CONCEPTANDRELEVANCEOFSUSTAINABLEARCHITECTURE
InthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisrelevantinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:
a)EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisis
b)Imminentdisastersandtheirmanagement
Someofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:
∙RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:
TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofsewageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation(pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption).Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.
∙NaturalCalamities:
Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomicexplosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesign.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.
∙DepletionofNon-renewablesources:
Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.
IV.SOLUTIONS
A.SustainableConstruction
Sustainableconstructionisdefinedas"thecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples".Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessentheirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency.
"Sustainablebuilding"maybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality(includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance)inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption(energyconservation),andimprovingenvironmentalquality.
Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedemandsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.
B.EnvironmentallyFriendlyHouses
FollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:
∙Orientation
∙ReduceEnergyGainorLoss
∙Lighting
∙ResponsibleLandscaping
∙WasteManagement
∙ExternalVentilation
C.GreenBuilding
Agreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesexpandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:
economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:
∙Reduce